Muhammad Yusra International Relations Dept. Universitas Andalas

Outlines Intro Federalism Neofunctionalism Realist Views Liberalist Views

Intro Heterogeneity American Scholars Power European Value and rules Non-western political-economic-cultural development

Product of times The inter-war years The aftermath of Second World War The final phase of the Cold War after the late of 1970s The contemporary, post-Cold War period

FEDERALISM International anarchy Independence of multiple nation states bring mistrust, reciprocal threats, rivalry and conflicts. Concerned about events in the first half of the twentieth century; Which had brought about two world wars Decentralisation of sovereignty had been the root cause of conflict Sceptical about diplomacy and balance of power (traditional remedies)

Remedies for interstate anarchy the abolition of national independence and; The fusion of different political entities into one

Altiero Spinelli (31 August 1907 — 23 May 1986) was an Italian political theorist and a European federalist. “The national states have lost their property rights since they cannot guarantee the political and economic safety of their citizens “

Federalist views of Integration Union would bring Europe to solve conflict of among different groups A supranational form of government, according to domestic analogy, would regulate regulations among states as governments do internally among citizens (Suganami, 1989) The reasons for unifications are ultimately political; Have to do with the objective of tackling international anarchy and; The conflict it tends to produce.

Critics More normative than analytic in nature A tradition firmly rooted in political philosophy. It is more a discussion of why states should form a union rather than an explanation of why they would eventually surrender their sovereignty; Despite the fact that such a voluntary transfer has been extremely rare in history. The strongest argument for federalism, theoretical and practical, is the perceived need to have an effective European foreign policy.

NEOFUNCTIONALISM Modern society was increasingly dominated by matters of ‘low politics’ (economic and social questions); Such as welfare of citizen and; economic growth. Fundamental motive of integration : inability of nation states to provide essential services to their citizens. Political functions must be performed at the most effecient level,and; Its logic ultimately leads to the whole world being unified.

Mitrany : Continental Unions and Universal League The one would proceed in the old way by a defenition of territory; The other by defenition of functions; and while the unions would define their territory as a means of differentiating between members and outsiders; a league would select and define functions for the contrary purpose of integrating with regard to the interests of all.

The mechanism behind unification is radically different from that identified by federalist. No conscious and explicit attempt to introduce new federal constitution. [a] new central authority may emerge as an unintended consequence of incremental earlier steps (Ernest Haas) Neofunctionalist integration proceeds incrementally and spontaniously by a process of spillover.

Integration_even in secondary and technical area –create pressures to integrate contiguous areas for which the original area is crucial and which, therefore, can no longer be controlled at the national level. Functional spillover from one area to the next, generates a technical spillover, which enlarges at the supranational level the dimension fit to deal with the issue. Technical spillovers- in turn-can create a political spillover, meaning that formal control is necessarily transferred from the national level, and political loyalties and attentions are shifted to the supranational level.

Spill-over in three dimensions: functional spill-over political spill-over geographical spill-over

ECSC’s evolution ECSCEEC ECEU

Further Reading Hill, Cristopher and Smith, Michael, International Relations and the European Union, Oxford University Press.