Entry Task Describe to a classmate something you will do over break using terms from AP Human Geography.

UNIT 4 – POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY The Geography of Terrorism

Objectives Content: We will be able to explain why terrorism has increased throughout the world. Language: We will be able to synthesize key information from a variety of sources including an article, maps, and graphs.

Terrorism The systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting its demands. Attempt to achieve their objectives through organized acts that spread fear  Bombing  Kidnapping  Hijacking  Hostages  Assassination Considers violence necessary to bring publicity to goals and grievances

Terrorism by Individuals and Organizations Applied to actions by groups operating outside government rather than to those of official government agencies Victims are usually citizens Distinguishing terrorism from other acts of political violence can be difficult  WHY DO YOU THINK SO?

Terrorism Against Americans During the late 20 th – 21 st centuries  12/21/88 – Pan Am Lockerbie, Scotland  2/26/93 – Car Bomb at the World Trade Center  4/19/95 – OKC Bombings  10/12/00 – The USS Cole in Yemen  17 year period – Theodore J. Kaczynski (Unabomber) Some committed by Americans, some by outside forces

9/11 September 11, 2001  World Trade Center in New York City  Pentagon in Washington D.C.  Outside of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania Al-Qaeda responsible “Our war on terror begins with al-Qaida, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped, and defeated.”  President Bush in an address to Congress on Sept. 20, 2001

Al - Qaeda Responsible or implicated in most of the anti-US terrorism during the last two decades Leader: Osama bin Laden  One of 50 children to billionaire Mohammed bin Laden  Used inheritance to set up Al-Qaeda  “The Foundation” or “ the base”  Started around 1990  Unite jihad fighters in Afghanistan, as well as other parts of the Middle East Osama Bin Laden March 10 th, May 2 nd, 2011.

Al – Qaeda Issued a declaration of war against the US in 1996 because of US support for Saudi Arabia and Israel Destruction of the Saudi monarchy and the Jewish state of Israel would liberate from their control the 3 holiest sites for Muslims  Mecca  Medina  Jerusalem Al – Qaeda’s use of religion to justify attacks has posed challenges to Muslims and non-Muslims alike

Al – Qaeda Is not a single unified organization Number involved is unknown Also encompasses local franchises concerned with country specific issues Aligned with Al-Qaeda, but not financially tied to it  Jemaah Islamiyah from Indonesia

Al – Qaeda Membership ranged from 3,000 to 35,000 by 9/11 There are a large number of isolated autonomous cells  The members have minimal contact with other cells Cell members are responsible for:  Identifying targets  Mapping  Drawings & statistics, etc.

State Support for Terrorism Several states in the Middle East have provided support for terrorism (right)  Providing sanctuary for terrorists wanted by other countries  Supplying weapons, money, and intelligence to terrorists  Planning attacks using terrorists Libya Afghanistan Iraq Iran Pakistan

Why has Terrorism increased? Terrorism initiated by individuals, organizations, and states has increased especially against the US Terrorists consider all US citizens justifiable targets because they hold all US citizens responsible for US government policies and cultural practices

Why has Terrorism increased? Tactics of the terrorist groups  Manipulating young teenagers by saying that their suicidal acts are serving for jihad and will lead them to heaven to have a great paradise  Brainwashing the uneducated people in extreme poverty by providing them provisions and money Displaced Population: high numbers of refugees who are in an extremely desperate situation of eating or living

Why has Terrorism increased? Development of technology Limitless amount of funding on their terrorist actions Easier traveling from continent to continent

Why has Terrorism increased? Nation’s governmental performance factor  nations with higher risk of corruptions, weaker rules of law, and lower level of national security  Allows extreme Islamic groups to accumulate wealth and expand the training of young brainwashed teenagers America’s aggressive foreign policy on Middle East countries and the reaction of the affected Islamists

1. WATCH THE VIDEO ON THE HISTORY OF ISIS, SYRIA, AND IRAQ.THE HISTORY OF ISIS, SYRIA, AND IRAQ 2. READ THROUGH THE ARTICLE AND EXAMINE THE MAPS AND GRAPHS. 3. COMPLETE THE CASE STUDY ASSIGNMENT: - USE A MAP OR ATLAS FOR PART 2. - YOU MAY WORK WITH A PARTNER. CASE STUDY: ISIS

WINTER BREAK PROJECT Over Winter Break I want you to keep up your AP Human Geography skills as well as dig deeper into some of the political geography issues we have studied. Complete the “APHG Winter Break Project” found on the APHG Files page of the website DUE: WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 6, POINTS!