The Language of Anatomy and Physiology
Classifications Anatomy-study of structure relationships to each other Gross-what you see Microscopic-histology Physiology-how all parts function together How things go wrong physiologically
Principle of Complementarity Function always reflects structure What a structure can do depends on its specific form Examples: –Bones support & protect because hard –Blood flows one way through heart because of valves
Anatomy at Different Scales (Metric Scale) Fig 1.1
Microscopic Anatomy Cytology – study of the cell Histology – study of tissues
Levels of Structural Organization Atoms - tiny bits of pure matter Molecules - atoms combine together Organelles - specific combinations of molecules Cell - basic unit of life Tissues - similar cells; common function Organ - discrete structure; 2 tissues minimum Organ system – group of organs; common function Organism - sum all structures
Necessary Life Functions Maintain Boundaries Movement Responsiveness Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduction Growth Figure 1.2
Survival Needs Food-Nutrients Water Oxygen Normal Body Temperature Atmospheric Pressure
Homeostasis Homeostasis: ability to maintain relatively stable internal environment in ever- changing outside world The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium—Internal conditions vary within narrow limits Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis
Homeostatic Control Components Variable or stimulus Receptor Afferent Pathway Control Center Efferent Pathway Effector
Negative Feedback System The output from the effector causes the original stimulus to turn off E.g. Body temperature control
Positive Feedback System The output from the effector causes an increase in the original stimulus; change that is occurs is in the SAME direction as the original stimulus E.g. Blood clotting
Positions Anatomical Position - standing upright, facing forward, with arms extended and palms outward Axial skeleton - skull, vertebral column, and rib cage (thorax) Appendicular skeleton - the arms, legs, shoulder and hip
Left and right Refer to person or body being viewed
Regional areas Quiz Picture
Regional areas Quiz Picture
Directional Terms See page 13 in text third edition
Directional Terms See page 13 in text third edition
Body Planes & Sections Sagittal Plane - divides right from left Midsagittal - through center Frontal Plane - divides anterior from posterior Transverse Plane - divides into superior and inferior parts
Body Cavities Dorsal - includes the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity Ventral – contain organs
Ventral Body Cavities Thoracic Cavity Pleural Cavity-lungs and mediastinum which contains the pericaridial cavity containing the heart
Ventral Body Cavities (con’t) Abdominopelvic Cavity Abdominal Cavity-contains digestive tract organs Pelvic Cavity-contains reproductive tract organs, bladder, and rectum
Body Cavity Membranes Serous Membrane - thin double layered membrane Parietal Serosa - lines cavity wall Visceral Serosa - covers the organs in the cavity Serous Fluid - fills space between
Serous membrane covering liver
Thoracic cavity contains three serous membrane lined cavities Pericardial cavity has parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium Each lung surround by pleura
Abdominal-pelvic cavity Peritoneum
Homeostatic Imbalance Usually from infection; produce less fluid Pericarditis: inflammation of pericardium; very dangerous Pleurisy: inflammation of one or both pleura; very painful Peritonitis: inflammation of peritoneum
Body Regions
Body Quadrants
Special Cavities
Diabetes – Type I, II, III Symptoms Blurred vision, frequent urination(polyuria), tiredness, weight loss Severe Symptoms Ketoacidosis confusion, convulsions, coma,
MRI –Magnetic Image Resonese
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3D CAT Scan Normal_lungs,_3D_CT_scans-SPL.jpg
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Ultrasound