World History II SOL Review Industrialization through the Rise of Dictators

The Beginnings of a Technological Revolution The Enclosure Movement Wealthy landowners bought farmland from the poorer landowners. After buying up the land of village farmers, the wealthy landowners enclosed their lands with fencing. They then used the latest farming inventions and innovations to grow more crops. Smaller landowners could not compete. Small famers were forced to either become tenant farmers or to move to the cities in search of jobs.

An increase in food supply and living conditions led to an increase in population. As the population increased so did the demand for more food and goods. Farmers who had lost their lands because of the enclosure movement moved to the cities in search of jobs. They became factories workers as England began it’s Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution began in England because of its ample natural resources like coal and iron ore and the invention o f the steam engine. The ideas and innovations of the Industrial Revolution would eventually spread throughout Western Europe and to the United States. What generalizations can you make from this map?

During the IR, England saw a growth in the textile, iron, and steel industries. As more goods became produced in factories, fewer goods were produced in the home (cottage industries) As Industrial powers continued to grow, they sought to control raw materials and markets through the world. What might be the consequence of this search for raw materials and markets?

Technological advance of the IR James Hargreaves: Spinning Jenny James Watt: Steam Engine

Technological Advances of the IR Henry Bessemer: The Bessemer Process- a more efficient method for making steel Eli Whitney: Cotton Gin

Advances in Science and Medicine Edward Jenner Developed smallpox vaccination Louis Pasteur’s discovery that microorganisms cause disease ushered medicine and food preservation into the 20 th century.

Impact of the Industrial Revolution Population Increase Increased standard of living for many, but not all Improved transportation Urbanization-the growth of cities Environmental pollution Increased Education Growth of the middle class Dissatisfaction of working class with working conditions

The nature of work in the factory system Harsh working conditions with men competing with women and children for wages Child labor that kept costs of production low and profits high Owners of mines and factories who exercised considerable control over the lives of their laborers

Lobbied for laws to improve the lives of workers, including women and children Wanted workers’ rights and collective bargaining between labor and management Labor Unions encouraged worker-organized strikes to demand increased wages and improved working conditions

Social Effects of the IR Women and children entering the workplace as cheap labor Introduction of reforms to end child labor Expansion of education Women’s increased demands for suffrage The cotton gin increased demand for slave labor on American plantations. The United States and Britain outlawed the slave trade and then slavery itself. Impact of the IR on Slavery

Capitalism and market competition fueled the Industrial Revolution. Wealth increased the standard of living for some. Social dislocations associated with capitalism produced a range of economic and political ideas, including socialism and communism.

Economic Systems Capitalism Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations Role of market competition and entrepreneurial abilities Impact of the standard of living and the growth of the middle class Dissatisfaction with poor working conditions and unequal distribution of wealth in society Socialism and Communism Karl Marx’s The Communist Manifesto (written with Friedrich Engels) and Das Kapital Response to the injustices of Capitalism Importance to communists of redistribution of wealth

Industrial nations in Europe needed natural resources and markets to expand their economies. These nations competed to control Africa and Asia in order to secure their own economic and political success. Imperialism spread the economic, political, and social philosophies of Europe throughout the world.

Forms of Imperialism Colonies Protectorates Spheres of influence

Spheres of Influence Countries control cities/trade – China is carved up into spheres

Imperialism around the World

Notes for Imperialism Map 1.China Europeans created spheres of influences Boxer Rebellion-Boxers wanted Europeans out of their country Europeans win 2. Japan Japan had practiced a policy of isolationism Commodore Perry of the U.S. opens Japan to trade Japan will industrialize and become powerful 3. Egypt (Suez Canal) French built the Suez Canal in Egypt Connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea Egypt becomes a protectorate of Britain 4. India East India Company dominated India Britain takes over India (colony) Indian nationalism begins Indian National Congress 5. Russo-Japanese War Russia and Japan want Korea and Manchuria (China) Japan wins 6. Vietnam/Cambodia French colony (called Indochina_

Boxer Rebellion Society of Harmonious Fist Violent resistance to foreign influence A group of Boxers attacking Chinese Christians

The Boxer Rebellion: assassination of the German ambassador

What might be the result of this competition? Nations competed to control Africa and Asia in order to secure their own economic and political success.

1. __________________ 2. __________________ 3. __________________ 4. __________________ 5. __________________ 6. __________________ 7. __________________ 8. __________________ 9. __________________

Causes of World War I Militarism Competition Over colonies Imperialism Diplomatic failures Nationalism Alliances Divided Europe World War I See map Meaning :

Notes: Events of World War I U.S. enters WWI Helps Allies win 1917 Russia leaves WWI Revolution! 1917 Assassination Franz Ferdinand A-H 1914 Events Notes:

Leaders of World War I Woodrow Wilson-United States Kaiser Wilhelm II-Germany

Reviewing the Causes and Effects of World War I, The Great War Effects Colonies’ participation in the war, which increased demands for independence End of the Russian Imperial, Ottoman, German, and Austro-Hungarian Empires Enormous cost of the war in lives, property, and social disruption

The Treaty of Versailles 1.Forced Germany to accept responsibility for war and loss of territory and to pay reparations 2.Limited the German military 3.Creation of a League of Nations

The Russian Revolution Tsarist Russia entered World War I as an absolute monarchy with sharp class divisions between the nobility and the peasants. The grievances of workers and peasants were not resolved by the Tsar. Inadequate administration in World War I led to revolution and an unsuccessful provisional government. A second revolution by the Bolsheviks created the communist state that ultimately became the U.S.S.R. Causes of the Russian Revolution 1.Defeat in the 1905 war with Japan 2.Landless peasantry 3.Incompetence of Tsar Nicholas II 4.Military defeats and High causalities in World War I. Want an easy way to remember these causes?

The Russian Revolution put the Czar in J.A.I.L. J: Japan humiliates Russia in the Russo-Japanese War A: A lot of military losses in World War I I: Incompetence of Tsar Nicholas II L:Landless Peasants wanted land

Rise of Communism Bolshevik Revolution Quickly gain control of Petrograd and other cities “Peace, Land, and Bread” November 1917 seized the winter palace and arrested the government Ordered all farm land to be distributed to peasants Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Took Russia out of World War I

New Economic Policy – Version of capitalism – Small factories, farms, and business can be privately owned – Buying and selling of goods – Government controls major industries, banks, and communication Rise of Communism Lenin assumes control; the NEP New Economic Policy

Lenin’s Government Organized Russia into several republics Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) Moscow to control all republics Communist Party – He created a dictatorship of the Communist party not the proletariat Lenin died in 1924

Rise of Communism Joseph Stalin, Lenin’s successor

Life under Stalin’s Rule Command economy in which the government made all the economic decisions 5 Year Plans Forced the Soviet Union to industrialize Increased output of steel, coal, oil, and electricity Limited production of consumer goods such as housing, food, clothing, and other necessary goods

Collectivization Collective Farms – Seized all small private farms and put them in large government owned farms – 5-10 million peasants die during collectivization Another Stalin Policy

Life under totalitarianism Secret Police – Monitored mail, telephone, and planted informants – Great Purge; Stalin eliminated anyone who threatened his power Estimated 8-13 million killed

EUROPE BETWEEN THE WARS

Analyze this political cartoon.

League of Nations  International cooperative organization  Established to prevent future wars  United States not a member  Failure of League because it did not have power to enforce its decisions

Mandate System During World War I, Great Britain and France agreed to divide large portions of the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East between themselves. After the war, the “mandate system” gave Great Britain and France control over the lands that became Iraq, Transjordan, and Palestine (British controlled) and Syria and Lebanon (French controlled). This was supposed to be temporary arrangement. However, it planted the seeds for future wars in the Middle East. British: Palestine and Jordan French: Syria and Lebanon

The Great Depression A period of uneven prosperity in the decade following World War I (the 1920s) was followed by worldwide depression in the 1930s. Depression weakened Western democracies, making it difficult for them to challenge the threat of totalitarianism.

Causes of the Great Depression German Reparations Expansion of production capacities and dominance of the U.S. in the global economy High Protective Tariffs Excessive expansion of credit The Stock Market Crash of 1929

Impact of the Great Depression High Unemployment Bank failures and collapse of Credit Collapse of prices in World Trade Nazi Party’s growing importance in Germany Nazi Party’s blame of European Jews for economic collapse

Analyze this political cartoon.

League of Nations  International cooperative organization  Established to prevent future wars  United States not a member  Failure of League because it did not have power to enforce its decisions

Mandate System During World War I, Great Britain and France agreed to divide large portions of the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East between themselves. After the war, the “mandate system” gave Great Britain and France control over the lands that became Iraq, Transjordan, and Palestine (British controlled) and Syria and Lebanon (French controlled). This was supposed to be temporary arrangement. However, it planted the seeds for future wars in the Middle East. British: Palestine and Jordan French: Syria and Lebanon

Economic disruptions following World War I led to unstable political conditions. Worldwide depression in the 1930s provided opportunities for the rise of dictators in the Soviet Union, Germany, Italy, and Japan. Italy: Benito Mussolini Rise of fascism Ambition to restore the glory of Rome Invasion of Ethiopia Germany: Adolf Hitler Inflation and depression Democratic government weakened Anti-Semitism Extreme nationalism National Socialism (Nazism) German occupation of nearby countries

Soviet Union: Joseph Stalin Entrenchment of communism Stalin’s policies: Five-year plans collectivization of farms state industrialization secret police Great Purge Economic disruptions following World War I led to unstable political conditions. Worldwide depression in the 1930s provided opportunities for the rise of dictators in the Soviet Union, Germany, Italy, and Japan. Japan: Emperor Hirohito and General Tojo Emperor Hirohito had no power General Tojo, backed my a strong military had all the real power Militarism Industrialization of Japan, leading to drive for raw materials Invasion of Korea, Manchuria, and the rest of China

Mussolini Controlled industry, economy, press, agriculture, trade and the workers Fascist Black-shirts, use of violence, controlled press, limited # of voters, rigged elections Stalin All economic activity, industry, industry, agriculture Communist Great Purge, violence, intimidation

Hitler Churches, schools, businesses, workers Nazi Suspended civil rights, destroyed communists, disbanded other political parties, used terror and oppression