 Started in England, because of its natural resources like coal, iron ore, and the invention and improvement of the steam engine.  Grows b/c all nations want to control raw materials and markets

 3 most important Industries:  Cotton Textiles  Iron  Steel Industries

 The wealthy converted their land to private property (“enclosed it”), thus forcing small farmers into cottage industries, then factories

 Family based cottage industries were displaced by the factory system

 Population increase  Increased standards of living for some  Improved transportation  Urbanization— growth of urban areas

 Environmental pollution  Increased education  Dissatisfaction of working class with working conditions  Growth of the middle class

Industry encouraged worker-organized strikes to demand increased wages and improved working conditions

 Lobbied for laws to improve the lives of workers, including women and children  Ex) 8 Hr. Day Movement hr. workday, 10 for children  Ex) Minimum Wage  Hoped to establish a bargaining relationship between workers and management

 Women and children earned low wages  Led to reforms to end child labor  Ex) Children under 9 can’t work  Expansion of education  Women’s increased demands for suffrage  Right to vote!

 The cotton gin increased demand for slave labor on American plantations.  The growth of cotton production expanded from 750,000 bales in 1830 to 2.85 million bales in  The number of slaves rose as well, from around 700,000, before Eli Whitney’s patent, to around 3.2 million in 1850.

The United States (1865) and Britain (1833) outlawed the slave trade and then slavery.

 Means of production are privately owned by businesses, for profit (**no govt. involvement)  Emphasizes entrepreneurial spirit and competition  Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations (1776):  Argues that free market economies are more beneficial to countries

 Karl Marx’s The Communist Manifesto (written with Friedrich Engels) and Das Kapital– foundation for both ideas  Response to capitalism

SOCIALISM  Economic idea!  Public (government) ownership of production  AGAINST competition which leads to inequality COMMUNISM  Political idea!  Classless and stateless society with common ownership of economy  NO private wealth! $ is distributed evenly among everyone!  Working class rules!!

 The direct rule or strong influence of one nation over another  Think EMPIRES

1. Colonies:  lived in and controlled by someone from a foreign nation 2. Protectorates:  A colony not formally annexed, but in which the dominant nation has power  Ex) Britain in Egypt, Middle East, Asia

3. Spheres of Influence:  A nation has significant political, economic, and social influence on a region British Cartoon of 1878 about the “Great Game” b/w Britain and Russia to exert influence over Central Asia

 European countries extended economic, military, and political power in Asia and Africa and traded on their OWN terms  Europeans carried their wars with them, forcing colonies to fight and choose sides  Christian missionaries also sent to colonies

 Late 1800s: Much of China divided up into “spheres of influence” by Europe, esp. Russia, Germany, England, & France  U.S. becomes alarmed and convinces European powers to accept the “Open Door” Policy (1899):  Stated all European nations and the U.S. could trade freely with China

 Connects the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea, allowing ships to sail from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean  Built by a French-owned company in 1869, its ownership stayed in French and British hands until Egypt took over in 1956, setting off an international crisis!

 British East India Company was the main trader in India (cotton, silk, tea)  The Company came to rule large areas of India through military power from , instead of focusing on trading.  In 1858, the British crown took over rule of India from the company.

 For 200 years, Japan isolated itself from trade with the West  America hoped Japan would open its ports to them, so they showed up with armed vessels  To avoid war, Japan signed a treaty in 1854 that:  Established friendship between U.S. and Japan  Opened Japanese ports to the United States

1. Responded with Armed Conflict  Boxer Rebellion, China, : Groups of Chinese peasants (called “Boxers” by Western press) who wanted to rid China of foreigners.  “Boxers” began massacring Christian missionaries and all foreigners (with the Emperor’s support)  International forces had to stop it. 2. Nationalism  Indian Nationalist Party—(mid-1800s), early calls for independence  Boxer Rebellion