HOW DOES THE LAND- BASED PORTION OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE WORK?
ATMOSPHERE OCEANSCONTINENTS 1,338, ,660 97%2.999% 0.001% 84% 16% 77% 23% -7% +7% Global Runoff 7%
ATMOSPHERE OCEANSCONTINENTS 1,338, ,660 97%2.999% 0.001% 84% 16% 77% 23% -7% +7% Global Runoff 7%
PrecipitationEvaporation Runoff
PrecipitationEvaporation Runoff
SURFACE TENSION Water Surface
SURFACE TENSION Water Surface
SURFACE TENSION Water Surface Weaker attraction Fewer surrounding molecules Stronger attraction Sphere is the shape which has the lowest ratio of surface area (weaker attraction) to volume (stronger attraction). Without other forces water forms spheres
Hydrogen bonding with containing material stronger than bonding between water molecules Hydrogen bonding with containing material weaker than bonding between water molecules
Water “beads” on surface Water “repelled” from surface Capillary Hydrophobic
LEAF
SOIL INTERCEPTION Tree Canopy Shrubs and Bushes Grasses
SOIL Time into rain storm Rain per unit time Rain reaching soil per unit time
SOIL Store 1 Input 1 Time into rain storm Rain per unit time Rain reaching soil per unit time
SOIL Store 1 Input 1 Time into rain storm Rain per unit time Rain reaching soil per unit time
SOIL Store 1 Input 1 Output 1 Input 2 Store 2 Time into rain storm Rain per unit time Rain reaching soil per unit time
SOIL Store 1 Input 1 Output 1 Input 2 Store 2 Time into rain storm Rain per unit time Rain reaching soil per unit time
SOIL Store 1 Input 1 Output 1 Input 2 Store 2 Time into rain storm Rain per unit time Rain reaching soil per unit time
SOIL Store 1 Input 1 Output 1 Input 2 Store 2 Out. 2 Store 3 Input 3 Time into rain storm Rain per unit time Rain reaching soil per unit time
SOIL Store 1 Input 1 Output 1 Input 2 Store 2 Output 2 Store 3 Input 3 Out 3 Time into rain storm Rain per unit time Rain reaching soil per unit time
SOIL INTERCEPTION UP TO 20% OF ANNUAL PRECIPITATION SOIL CASCADE OF STORES Store 1 Input 1 Output 1 Input 2 Store 2 Output 2 Store 3 Input 3 Out 3
SOIL INTERCEPTION UP TO 20% OF ANNUAL PRECIPITATION SOIL CASCADE OF STORES Store 1 Input 1 Output 1 Input 2 Store 2 Output 2 Store 3 Input 3 Out 3 DELAYS WATER REACHING SOIL
Precipitation Evaporation Runoff Latent Heat Flux
Precipitation Transpiration Runoff Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide Water Sunlight Photosynthesis
TRANSPIRATION Carbon Dioxide STOMATA Water Stomata open and shut to control diffusion of molecules in and out
Global Vegetation and Oceanic Chlorophyll
Precipitation Evapotranspiration Evaporation and Transpiration Runoff Latent Heat Flux
HUBBARD BROOK Experimental Forest, New Hampshire Source: G. Bonan, Ecological Climatology, Cambridge University Press
Simulation Using Hubbard Brook Characteristics Source: G. Bonan, Ecological Climatology, Cambridge University Press
Average = 1300mm Avg. Dev. = 125 Dev/Avg = 9.6% Average = 800mm Avg. Dev. = 100 Dev/Avg = 12.5% Average = 500mm Avg. Dev. = 25 Dev/Avg = 5%
Source: Bonan, 2008: Ecological Climatology 2012 Forest Fires 2013 Floods Front Ranges, Colorado