Chemistry- Matter and change HONORS CHEMISTRY CHAPTERS 1 + 2

The study of the composition and changes undergone by matter CHEMISTRY DEFINED Physiology Forensics Chemistry GeosciencesPhysics Biology Environmental Science

FIVE BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY  Organic  Inorganic  Analytical- composition of substances.  Physical-behavior of chemical substances  Biochemistry

 Pure  For the advancement of knowledge about our world  Many “Pure” pursuits lead to practical applications (i.e. nylon)  Applied  For a specific issue that faces society  Pharmaceuticals, etc. CHEMISTRY CAN BE…

SCIENTIFIC METHOD Observation Hypothesis Law Theory Experiment

IMPORTANT DISTINCTION Arise following many, many experiments

 Independent Variable – manipulated variable  Dependent Variable – responding variable  Control- A standard of comparison for checking or verifying the results of an experiment.  Constant - A quantity, condition, or factor that does not vary throughout the course of an experiment.  Qualitative- sensory observations (EX: brown)  Quantitative- numerical measurements (EX: 5 grams)  Observation- objective explanation of phenomena  Inference- subjective explanation of phenomena IMPORTANT DISTINCTIONS CONTINUED

 If you haven’t done so already, read sections of the text.  The reading and presentations we have done thus far should enable you to complete:  Written work for chapter 1 (sections only)  Supplemental Questions 1-5  As always, if you have questions about this material or need help with any of your work, make arrangements to see Mrs. Pav ASAP. BENCHMARK

 Properties that can be observed without changing the composition of matter. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER Anything that has mass * and takes up space A measurement that reflects the amount of matter Extensive properties are dependent on the amount of matter present Intensive properties are independent of the amount of matter present. *not to be confused with weight

STATES OF MATTER  Matter CAN change state with out changing composition  Three basic states of matter SOLIDLIQUIDGAS Definite Shape Definite Volume Particle Spacing

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER *Phase refers to any part of a sample with uniform composition

 ALL MIXTURES CAN BE SEPERATED PHYSICALLY by exploiting the physical properties of the components  Filtration- used to separate a mixture with widely varying particle size  EX: rocks and water  Distillation- used to separate a liquid mixture based on differing boiling points.  EX: alcohol and water  Crystallization- used to separate an aqueous mixture  EX: salt water  Chromatography- separates a mixture based on polarity (affinity for stationary/mobile phase) SEPARATING MIXTURES

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

CHANGES TO MATTER  Physical change- occurs without altering makeup  Chemical change- occurs through alteration of substance

 Must involve at least one material changing into a new material and  Must obey the Law of Conservation of Mass:  Mass is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reaction CHEMICAL REACTIONS

INDICATIONS OF A CHEMICAL CHANGE Change in color Change in temperature Formation of a precipitate Formation of a gas

 If you haven’t done so already, read sections of the text.  The reading, presentations, activities and labs we have done thus far should enable you to complete:  Written work for chapter 2 (sections )  Supplemental Questions 6-10  As always, if you have questions about this material or need help with any of your work, make arrangements to see Mrs. Pav ASAP. BENCHMARK