Industrial Revolution

Railroads -History  1860= 35,000 mi.  (most east of Miss. R.).  1900= 192,000 mi.

Railroads -Inventions/Ideas  -Telegraph  -Standard Gauge rails Standard Gauge Standard Gauge  -Air brakes

Railroads-Major Players ----Union Pacific ----Central Pacific ----Cornelius Vanderbilt

RR-Facts/Benefits/Problems  Transcontinental Railroad = Transcontinental Railroad = Transcontinental Railroad =  Trans. RR = growth of West /corruption and time (noon = sun overhead)

Solutions  Time Zones=  Interstate Commerce Act (1887 ) =fed. gov. controls interstate trade

Steel -History  1860= >2,000 tons/yr.  1900= 7 million tons/yr  (1/3 World’s supply)

Steel-Inventions/Ideas  Bessemer Process-  makes steel cheaper and stronger

Major Players  Andrew  Andrew Andrew Carnegie – from Scotland started $2.50/week –sold US Steel for $480 million

Steel Facts  Vertical integration=  Combine  Combine and control all phases of production Benefits/Problems  Improve  Improve efficiency- Carnegie sell US Steel to J.P.Morgan  ‘Robber Barons’ v.‘Captains of Industry’

Solutions  Carnegie’s “Gospel of _________” =  Carnegie donates $____ million  “Wealth”  responsibilities of rich as stewards of society (rich have an obligation to help poor and society)  $350

Oil History   st well in Pa.   Standard Oil Co. formed I Inventions/Ideas ‘‘‘‘free enterprise’ ““““laissez faire” =  n o government intervention

Major Players John D. Rockefeller-1877 Standard.Oil Co. controlled 95% of US companiesJohn D. Rockefeller-1877 Standard.Oil Co. controlled 95% of US companiesJohn D. Rockefeller-1877 John D. Rockefeller-1877

Oil Facts  Horizontal integration=  buy  buy out the competition to control the market  When  When one company controls whole industry  1  1 board of directors controls industry B Benefits/Problems PPPPhilosophy of “Social Darwinism” ==== survival of the fittest –applied to society ccccreated monopolies (def.)= TTTTrusts (def)

Solutions  Sherman  Sherman Anti Trust Act(1890) =  prevents  prevents monopolies that restrict fair trade

South  No real industry until ______- after still not significant  Cigarette ________ machine  1880  rolling

South  James B. ______- _________ Tobacco Company  Trinity College renamed _________ University  Duke  American Duke

Unions NNNNot a good time for Unions – gggglutted Labor market- due immigration and RR? EEEEarly Labor strikes –turn violent

Unions  New  New competition for jobs between women, immigrants and ex- farmers

Major Players  1869 Knights of Labor =  Terrance Powderly  1886 A.F.of L=  Samuel Gompers  =skilled  =skilled and unskilled labors workers only

Problems  Sweatshops=  Haymarket Square Riot=  scabs=  Poor working conditions  strike turns to violence  Replacement workers for strikers

Solutions CCCCollective bargaining= mmmmake contracts for all members of union SSSSherman Antitrust Act used against “closed shop” unions ?