WHAT HAVE WE STUDIED SO FAR?

The Causes: MAIN The start of WWI: early steps, Canadian rationale, and Schlieffen Plan. Major Canadian Battles Trench Warfare War Measures Act Fronts of WWI Don’t Copy

TOTAL WAR

Salisbury Plain Canadian forces, once in Europe, spent the winter of 1914 in tents here. Located in southern England. (Conditions were rough but "better" than in Quebec.)

Rawnecks Canadian ‘green’ troops. They had to be re- trained once they were in England.

This is a common government exam question.

Canadian Patriotic Fund created by an act of Parliament and run by volunteers. It collected money for soldier's families, surviving on $1.10 a day of soldier's pay. In 3 months the fund raised $6 million, providing needy families with $50 a month. also set up small co-operative stores, where families could buy food and fuel.

Soldiers of the Soil 12,000 boys helped out on Canadian farms. Many farmers had gone to war. These boys helped prevent crop failures and food shortages.

Rationing Families voluntarily changed eating/consumption habits so that butter, meat, sugar, wheat, and fuel could be sent to troops overseas.

War Stamps Young children helped by buying 25 cent thrift stamps to help gov't pay for war. When they had $4 of stamps they received a war savings stamp worth $5 after the war.

Food and Munitions Other than soldiers, Canada's main contributions were food and munitions By 1917, Canada had shipped millions of dollars' worth of shells and explosives from over 600 munitions factories - over employed

Canadian industrialists saw the opportunity to make large profits Corruption and profiteering was a problem: Sam Hughes' Shell Committee was disbanded by Borden and replaced by the Imperial Munitions Board By 1918, Canada had expanded to manufacturing airplanes and airplane engines, guns, cargo ships, chemicals and other weapons of war factories employed 1/3 of a million people.

Greater Production Farms were established on Native reserves by W.M. Graham using native funds and land in order to produce food for the war effort. But intensive wheat farming began to ruin the fertile prairie soils during this time period creating the disastrous conditions of the 1930s "dust bowl".

Profiteering and Scandal in the War The government relied on private enterprise to direct the wartime economy and industrial scandals and charges of profiteering ran rampant. People saw millionaire industrialists growing richer from dishonest dealings in war contracts, while they made sacrifices like cutting back on food consumption and fuel use. There was public outcry to "conscript wealth for war". Some wanted the government to nationalize (take over) the nation's banks and industries until the war's end.

Borden promised not to interfere with business in 1914 and was reluctant to change this policy. In 1916, Borden appointed a fuel controller to prevent industrialists from hoarding coal and food, and from rising food prices Instead of rolling back food price increases, as many Canadians expected, he food controller asked citizens to stop eating so much and to change their tastes. No serious attempt was made to curb the corrupt practices of private enterprise during the war

Paying for the War Plagued by corruption and inefficiencies and a long war, the cost of war skyrocketed. By 1918, it had reached a staggering $ 1 million a day - Borden's gov't hurried to find new ways to pay for war. Borden's gov't implemented new income taxes intended as temporary measures. A business tax was announced in 1916 and the tax on personal income in But the two only brought in $ 50 million.

Gov't bonds offered for sale. Victory Bonds: bonds offered for sale at 5% interest rate. In 1915 more than $ 100 million worth were sold. In 1917, a special issue of Victory Bonds was issued and over $ 500 million was raised.