Great scientists Unit 1

expert attend physician expose cure challenge adj. 熟练的 ; 经验丰富的 n. 专家 ; 行家 vt. 照顾 ; 出席 ; 参加 n. 医生；内科医师 vt. 暴露 ; 揭露 ; 使曝光 n. 治愈；痊愈 vt. 治愈；治疗 n. 挑战 vt. 向 …… 挑战 Words preview

victim absorb suspect enquiry neighbourhood severe pump n. 受害者 vt. 吸收 ; 吸引 ; 使专心 vt. 怀疑 n. 被怀疑者 ; 嫌疑犯 n. 询问 n. 附近 ; 邻近 adj. 严重的 ; 严厉的 n. 泵 ; 抽水机 vt. ( 用泵 ) 抽 ( 水 ) Words preview

foresee blame pollute handle link announce instruct vt. 预见 ; 预知 vt. 责备 ; 谴责 n. 过失 ; 责备 vt. 污染 ; 弄脏 n. 柄 ; 把手 vt. 处理 ; 操纵 vt. & n. 连接；联系 vt. 宣布 ; 通告 vt. 命令 ; 指示 ; 教导 Words preview

expose … to link … to … 使显露 ; 暴露 将 …… 和 …… 联 系或连接起来 Expressions preview

JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA” Reading

Skimming to get general ideas

Reading Tips 在阅读每个段落时，要注意 综合运用略读 (skimming) 与扫读 (scanning) 这两种方法。

略读 (skimming) 只看文章标题、下标 题以及每个部分或者段落第一行, 关注文 章中反复出现的关键词。 略读时, 要用充足的时间读懂段落的 第一句和第二句, 因为第一句往往是该段 的主题句 (topic sentence), 而第二句往往 是对前句的延伸 (extension) 或进一步的 解释 (explanation) 。 通过略读把握文章大意

运用扫读 (scanning) 迅速浏览从第三 句开始的后面部分, 搜寻作者对开头两句 的支持句 (supporting sentences), 并同时注 意文章中间是否有转折 (transition), 因为 这些词常常会把文章的思路逆转或加入其 它重要的信息。当读到段落的最后一句时, 我们又要使用略读, 这时必须再次放慢速 度 (slow down your pace) 直到完全消化作 者对段落的小结 (conclusion), 因为该小结 有可能与主题句截然相反或引导读者进入 下一个段落。 通过扫读寻找特定信息或特定词组

After reading the passage, match the following stages with the paragraphs. Skimming Reading Comprehension I

Stages Draw a conclusion Think of a method Collect results Make a question Find a problem Analyze the results Find supporting evidence

Para.Stages in an experiment Find a problem Make a question Think of a method Collect results Analyse the results Draw a conclusion Find supporting evidence Paragraphs & Stages

First we should find the problem. Then, think of a method. We should collect as much information as possible. Analyzing results is the most important stage. Before we make a conclusion, it is necessary for us to find supporting evidence. Summary

Skimming Reading Comprehension II What’s the main idea of the passage? A. John Snow was a well-known doctor in London. B. The cause of Cholera was polluted water. C. The source of all drinking water should be examined. D. How John Snow collected, analysed data and found the cause of the disease and defeated the disease.

Careful reading to solve difficult points

1. attend v. (1) to take care; give attention 注意；留意 如 : We’ll attend to the solution of that problem later. (2) to take good care of (a sick person, for example) 照看；照料 如 :

The doctor attended the patients. 医生照看病人。 attend school 上学 attend a lecture 听讲座 attend church 去教堂 attend (at) a wedding 出席婚礼 (3) to be present at 出席 ; 到场 如 :

2. exposed adj. 暴露的； 无掩蔽的 expose to 使易受 ; 使受 expose sth to the light of day 把某事暴露于光天化日之下 expose a fraud 揭穿骗局 exposedness n. 暴露；显露

3. absorb v. (1) 吸收 ( 液体 ); 承受 ; 承担 我们不能承担这些费用。 We’ll not absorb these charges. (2) 使专心；使全神贯注 作家全神贯注地进行写作，忘了弹去雪 茄烟的烟灰。 The writer was so absorbed in his writing that he forgot to flick the ashes from his cigar.

We were ready to take the blame for what had happened. 4. blame v. 责备 ; 谴责 The driver was not to blame for the accident. 这次事故怪不着司机。 n. 过失 ; 责备 我们准备对所发生的事承担责任。

Fingerprints linked the suspect to the crime. 指纹证实了嫌疑犯的犯罪事实。 5. linked to 把 …… 与 …… 连接 ; 联系 be linked to 连接 The two towns are linked by a railway.

Find out the main idea of each paragraph: John Snow wanted to use his knowledge to solve cholera. He got interested in two theories explaining. He needed to prove the second theory was correct. He found out that dirty water was the cause of cholera. Para. 1 Para. 2 Para. 3 Para. 4 Para. 5 Para. 6 Polluted water carried the disease. Finally “King Cholera” was defeated.

Scanning to get detail information

Read the passage and number these events in the order that they happened. ___ John Snow began to test two theories. ___ An outbreak of cholera hit London in ___ John Snow marked the deaths on a map. Scanning Reading Comprehension III

___ He announced that the water carried the disease. ___ John Snow investigated two streets where the outbreak was very severe. ___ King Cholera was defeated. ___ He found that most of the deaths were near a water pump. ___ He had the handle removed from the water pump. Answer:

Scanning Reading Comprehension IV 1.Why couldn’t the cholera be controlled at first? A. Its speed of spreading was so fast. B. Its cause wasn’t understood C. Its cure wasn’t understood. D. Both B. & C. 2. How many people died in 10 days? A. Less than 500. B. More than 500. C. More than 450. D. Less than 450.

Answer these questions. 1 John Snow believed Idea 2 was right. How did he finally prove it? 2 Do you think John Snow would have solved this problem without the map? Give a reason. 3 Cholera was a 19th century disease. What disease do you think is similar to cholera today? Scanning Reading Comprehension V

1 John Snow believed Idea 2 was right. How did he finally prove it? John Snow finally proved his idea because he found an outbreak that was clearly related to cholera, collected information and was able to tie cases outside the area to the polluted water.

2 Do you think John Snow would have solved this problem without the map? Give a reason. No. The map helped John Snow organize his ideas. He was able to identify those households that had many deaths and check their water-drinking habits. He identified those houses that had had no deaths and surveyed their drinking habits. The evidence clearly pointed to the polluted water being the cause.

3 Cholera was a 19th century disease. What disease do you think is similar to cholera today? Three diseases, which are similar today, are SARS, AIDS and bird flu, because they are serious, have an unknown cause and need public health care to solve them.

What should you do if you're travelling to a country that has a cholera outbreak? Drink only water that you have boiled. Other safe drinks include tea or coffee made with boiled water, bottled beverages with no ice. Discussion

Eat only food that's been thoroughly cooked and is still hot, or fruit that you've peeled yourself. Avoid undercooked or raw fish and shellfish. Avoid raw salads and vegetables. Avoid food and drinks from street vendors. TIPS

Quiz

John Snow was a well-known ______ in London in the ____ century. He wanted to find the ______ of cholera in order to ______ it. In 1854 when a cholera _______ out, he began to gather information. He _______ on a map where all the dead people had lived and he found that many people who had _______ the dirty water Retell the text by filling the following blanks. Quiz I

from the ______ died. So he decided that the polluted water carried cholera. He suggested that the _______ of all water supply be _________ and new methods of ________ with polluted water be found. Finally, “King Cholera” was defeated.

John Snow was a well-known ______ in London in the ____ century. He wanted to find the ______ of cholera in order to ______ it. In 1854 when a cholera _______ out, he began to gather information. He _______ on a map where all the dead people had lived and he found that many people who had _______ the dirty water doctor 19 th cause defeat broke marked Answer drunk

from the ______ died. So he decided that the polluted water carried cholera. He suggested that the _______ of all water supply be _________ and new methods of _______ with polluted water be found. Finally, “King Cholera” was defeated. pump source examined dealing

Translation Quiz II 1. So many thousands of ______________ ( 惊恐的老百姓 ) died every time there was an outbreak. 2. ________________________________ ( 他对两种推测都很感兴趣 ) that possibly explained how cholera killed people. 3. The water companies were instructed not to expose people to _____________ ( 被污染的水 ) any more. terrified people He became interested in two theories polluted water

1.The Town Hall ______ in the 1800’s was the most distinguished building at that time. (2007 上海卷 ) A. to be completed B. having been completed C. completed D. being completed Quiz III

2. At the beginning of class, the noise of desks ____ could be heard outside the classroom. (2007 全国 II 卷 ) A. opened and closed B. to be opened and closed C. being opened and closed D. to open and close

3. I feel greatly honored ____ into their society. (2008 北京卷 ) A. to welcome B. welcoming C. to be welcomed D. welcomed

4. Throughout history, the language _____ by a powerful group spreads across a civilization. (2008 上海春卷 ) A. speaking B. spoken C. to speak D. to be spoken

5. Please remain ______; the winner of the prize will be announced soon. (2008 辽宁卷 ) A. seating B. seated C. to seat D. to be seated

Homework 1. Read the text again and underline some important phrases and difficult sentences. 2. Find more information about John Snow and cholera.