Renal tumor.

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Presentation transcript:

Renal tumor

Renal mass Epidemiology Incidental Renal Mass on Autopsy (over age 50): 50% Incidental Renal Mass on CT Scan (over age 50): 33%

Differential diagnosis Renal Cyst (Simple, Complex or Multiple) Malignant Masses Renal Cell Carcinoma Nephroblastoma Sarcoma Metastatic cancer Benign Masses Renal adenoma Angiomyolipoma Oncocytoma Inflammatory Lesions Renal infection Renal infarction Renal trauma (hematoma)

Management of Mass on Renal Ultrasound Efficacy Test Sensitivity: 79% of renal parenchymal masses 직경 5mm 이하의 renal mass는 발견하기 어렵다. Simple Renal Cyst Criteria Spherical or ovoid shaped cysts No internal echoes Thin smooth cyst wall separated from renal parenchyma Posterior cyst wall enhancement Suggests water-filled cyst Management Simple cysts require no further evaluation 다른 mass일 경우 CT나 MRI의 적응이 된다. Simple cyst의 criteria에 만족하는경우 malignancy일 가능성은 극히 드물다

Management of Mass on Renal CT Efficacy Test Sensitivity: 94% of renal parenchymal masses MRI 가 더 benign renal mass의 구별에 좋다. Absolute Surgery Consultation Indications Symptomatic renal mass Solid renal mass Bosniak Class III-IV Cystic Mass

Management of Mass on Renal CT

Asymptomatic Renal Mass on Renal CT Bosniak's Class I: Simple Cystic Renal Mass Unilocular with uniform water density within Round or oval shape No contrast enhancement Bosniak's Class II Probably Benign Cystic Renal Mass Septated cysts Minimally calcified cysts Infected cysts High-density cysts

Asymptomatic Renal Mass on Renal CT (2) Bosniak's Class III Indeterminate Cystic Renal Mass Thick irregular calcifications Irregular borders Multilocular Thickened or contrast enhancing septae Uniform wall thickening Small, non-contrast enhancing Nodules Bosniak's Class IV Malignant Cystic Renal Mass Heterogeneous lesions with shaggy appearance Thickened cyst walls Contrast enhancing Nodules

Benign tumors Renal Adenoma Renal Oncocytoma Typically asymptomatic, identified incidentally Well differentiated Renal cell carcinoma와 구분할 영상적 기준이 없음. 조영전 CT에서 신장과 밀도가 같으며 조영 후에 균질성으로 조영 증강되면, asymptomatic 혹은 indolent 병변일 가능성이 많다 Renal Oncocytoma No reliable distinguishing clinical charicteristics Gross hematuria, flank pain(<20%) CT상 Satellate scar, spoke wheel appearance를 보일 수 있으나 RCC의 central necrosis와 감별이 힘들다.

Benign tumors Angiomyolipoma (Renal Hamartoma) 45-80% patients with tuberous sclerosis Typically bilateral and asymptomatic Spontaneous rupture & hemorrhage into retroperitoneum - flank pain, hematuria High fat contents US – high intensity , no halo CT – negative density MRI – high signal in T1, T2; chemical shift,지방억제영상으 로 지방성분을 입증하면 진단 가능 출혈이나 다른 종양이 angiolipoma와 비슷한 양상을 보일때 MRI는 도움이 되지 못함.

Malignant masses Renal cell carcinoma Symptom triad (10-15%) Hematuria, flank pain, palpable mass Gross or microscopic hematuria (60%) Pain, abd. Mass (40%) Metastasis – lung, liver, bone, adrenal gl, brain Dyspnea, cough, seizure, headache, bone pain

Malignant masses Renal cell carcinoma Routine CT scanning 으로 발견율 증가. LAB findings – anemia(30%),microscopic hematuria(60%) IVP – 단독 사용시 진단율 75%. Renal shadow 에 겹쳐있는 calcification이 진단에 중요한 소견. USG – simple cyst 진단에 유용 (진단율98%) CT – US 나 IVP보다 더 sensitive 함 mass는 normal renal parenchyma 보다 low density로 보이나 intravenous contrast 사용시 enhance되어 high attenuation을 보임 Choice in staging patient Nephron sparing surgery시 3D spiral CT 가 도움이 된다.

Malignant masses Renal cell carcinoma Renal angiography – CT의 보편화로 사용 범위가 매우 한정적임, CT angiography혹은 MR angiography로 대체되고 있음 (10%에서만 사용) Neovascularity, arteriovenous fistula, vena caval tumor involvement Radionuclide imaging – Bone metastasis등이 의심될 때 사용 MRI – staging은 CT와 동일. Vena caval tumor진단에 용이. 조영제가 필요없음. PET – metastatic disease의 systemic therapy의 monitering에 유용

Malignant masses Renal cell carcinoma Fine needle aspiration – 비수술적 치료를 하는 환자에서 metastasis가 의심될때 시행 Instrumental & cytologic examination Hematuria – cytoscope으로 origin을 확인가능 Cytologic study는 RCC의 진단에 거의 도움이 되지 않음 Tumor markers – screening, 진단, 추적관찰에 도움이 되지 않음

Malignant masses Nephroblastoma (WILMS Tumor) Symptom – Abdominal mass (m/c), Abdominal pain, distension, anorexia, N/V, fever, hematuria LAB study – anemia, hematuria Arteriography – bilateral wilms tumor CT – low risk patient에서는 routine으로 사용하지 않음 high risk patient에서 metastasis를 검사하는데 유용함. 동측 혹은 반대측 신장에 또다른 신모세포종(nephroblastomatosis)이 있는지를 CT로 잘 확인해야 함 USG – palpable abdominal mass가 있을시 initial study로 사용. 낭성 혹은 괴사성 변화를 잘 하는 경향으로 인해 US나 CT에서 복합성(complex) 종괴로 관찰될 수 있다

Malignant masses Renal sarcoma Symptom – flank or abdominal pain, weight loss 커질 경우에는 신장을 변형 혹은 변위시키긴 해도 신장의 실질로 침윤하지는 않음. 평활근육종, hemangiopericytoma, 지방 육종, 섬유 황색 육종(fibroxanthosarcoma), 골 육종 등으로 다양하고 상이한 조직형을 방사선학적으로 각각 구별하기는 곤란하다. 단순 촬영(KUB)이나 CT 등의 소견으로 지방 육종과 골 육종의 진단이 가능할 수도 있다. granulocytic sarcoma은 myelogenous leukemia와 관련될 수 있고, extramedullary site에서 poorly differentiated myeloid cell로 구성된 종양인데, 아주 드물게는 신장을 침범

References Smith’s Urology, 16th edition Evaluation of Incidental Renal and Adrenal Masses JAMES C. HIGGINS, CDR, MC, USN, and JAMES M. FITZGERALD, MAJ, USAF, MC Naval Hospital, Jacksonville, Florida 신장 종양의 영상 진단 (Imaging Diagnosis of renal TUMORS) http://www.cnuh.co.kr/jckim/lecture/Renal%20tumor.htm Jongchul Kim, M.D., Ph.D