Development of the Cold War Essential Question: – How did the Cold War begin, and who started it? Objectives: – To understand the development of the Cold War and major events of the Early Cold War – To analyze primary documents using historical thinking skills Homework: – Read and take notes on Glencoe 20.2, “The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe,”

How did the Cold War develop? What was it, and who started it?

What was it? A period of political and military tensions between the US and its allies (NATO and others) and the Soviet Union and its allies (Warsaw Pact) Often framed as a struggle between capitalism and communism or democracy and communism No direct fighting, instead: – Arms race (especially nuclear weapons) – Espionage – Propaganda – Technological competition (like the space race) – Proxy wars through allies in Asia, Africa and Latin America

Quiz!

Check your answers with the following slides Use a different color to add info or corrections. Each question is 2 points. Give yourself an honest grade. Think about how you did. Were your notes enough to get you there?

Background The US and the Soviet Union were allies in WWII, and defeated Nazi Germany together WWII left Europe in ruins, and less able to manage colonial empires War industries boosted the economies of both countries – The USSR, however, lost 20 million people Both countries ended WWII with armies occupying Europe, especially Germany

What was the Truman Doctrine?

The Truman Doctrine “It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.” Context: Truman wanted to provide aid to anti-communist governments in Greece and Turkey

What was the Marshall Plan, and what effect did it have?

The Marshall Plan The US provided $13 billion in aid to Western Europe (Britain, France, West Germany) Western European economies grew greatly, ending widespread poverty and starvation “There is no choice between becoming a believer in democracy on 1,000 calories and a communist on 1,500.” – US Occupation General Lucius Clay

What was the policy of containment?

Containment Policy that the US should keep communism within its existing boundaries Credited to US diplomat George Kennan

How did the US and Soviets clash over Germany, and what compromise did they reach?

Division of Germany 4 allied zones (France, Britain, US, USSR)  West and East – Berlin was divided, too, even though it was in the USSR’s part of Germany The Soviets opposed this division – Organized a blockade of West Berlin (1948) – US and UK carried out the Berlin Airlift to deliver supplies 10 months, 200,000 flights, 2.3 million tons of supplies Soviets gave in in 1949

What new military alliances formed during the Cold War?

New Alliances North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) – US and allies – Later: Southeast Asia Treaty Organization Central Treaty Organization Warsaw Pact – Soviet Union and allies

Why was the Berlin Wall built?

The Berlin Wall West Germany’s economy was much better than East Germany’s – This was true in Berlin, too Khrushchev wanted to stop East Germans from emigrating – In other words, the barbed wire, minefields and machine gunners were to keep people in, not out

What was the arms race? What kinds of weapons were involved? What important concept emerged from it?

The Nuclear Arms Race The US and the USSR built up large stockpiles of increasingly powerful nuclear weapons and designed increasingly effective delivery systems – Atomic bombs – Hydrogen bombs – Nuclear missiles (ICBMs) – Nuclear submarines Deterrence/mutual assured destruction – Belief that the threat of a devastating nuclear war would prevent war

The Nuclear Arms Race

What was the Cuban Missile Crisis?

The Cuban Missile Crisis Fidel Castro led a communist revolution in Cuba (1959) The US’s Bay of Pigs invasion failed to topple the government (1961) The USSR shipped nuclear missiles to Cuba (1962) John F. Kennedy and Khrushchev reached a deal: – No Cuban invasion – No nukes in Cuba This led to the Moscow-Washington hotline We’ll look at this again when we study Cuba

Why did the US get involved in Vietnam, and what was the result?

The Vietnam War U.S. policymakers were influenced by the domino theory, that if one Southeast Asian country “fell” to communism, others would, too US President Lyndon Johnson sent increasing numbers of troops to Vietnam starting in 1964 The U.S. was unsuccessful in supporting South Vietnam against communist North Vietnam – Richard Nixon withdrew troops in 1973 – North Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh defeated the South reunited the country in 1975 We’ll discuss this issue in depth when we study Vietnam

What was the Space Race, and what were some major milestones in it?

The Space Race Competition between the US and the USSR for supremacy in space travel – Had national security motives, but was also just symbolic Key milestones: – Sputnik – first satellite (1957) – Yuri Gagarin – first human in space (1961) – Kennedy announces race to the moon (1961) – John Glenn – first American in orbit (1962) – Neil Armstrong– first person on the moon in Apollo 11 (1969) – Apollo/Soyuz test project – US and Soviets dock together (1972)

Cold War Map and Timeline Start your Cold War map and timeline Choose 5 events from today’s quiz/reading review to plot on your map and timeline. Eventually, you’ll want to color code: – US, NATO and allies – USSR, Warsaw Pact and allies – Nonaligned nations Hang on to this. We’ll add more countries and events as we study them.

Key Early Cold War Events Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech, March 5, 1946 Truman Doctrine, March 12, 1947 Berlin Airlift, Marshall Plan, Chinese Communist Revolution, October 1, 1949 Korean War, Sputnik satellite, October 4, 1957 Cuban Revolution, January 1, 1959 Yuri Gagarin spaceflight, April 12, 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion, April 17, 1961 Berlin Wall, August 13, 1961 Cuban Missile Crisis, October 14-28, 1962 Vietnam War, Neil Armstrong moon landing, July 20, 1969

Who started the Cold War? For this document analysis activity, we’ll look at perspectives from both sides of the early Cold War.

Cold War Spy Game

Cold War Groups: 1 Afghanistan Group 1 – Will, Bergen Group 2 – Bo, Clay, Claire Group 3 – Jianna, Sophia, Sophie Group 4 – Christoph, Brandon, Trey Group 5 – Mackenzie, Jakob, Fernando Soviet Union Group 1 – Mitch, Sara, Ryan Group 2 – Joel, Clair, Annalee Group 3 – Mario, Gabe, Taylor Group 4 – Olivia, Paige, Dylan Group 5 – Capri, Marie

Cold War Groups: 2 West Germany (FRG) Group 1 – Michael, Talia, Ethan Group 2 – Brit, Nick, James So Group 3 – Elizabeth, Morgan Group 4 – James Sh, Andrew, Theo Group 5 – Tad, Charlie, Jack Group 6 – Grantham East Germany (GDR) Group 1 – Emily, Katie, Gavin Group 2 – Lukas, Anna Group 3 – Shaila, Emma S, Brooks Group 4 – Fiona, Nate, Emma T Group 5 – Peter, Ari, Luke

Cold War Groups: 3 Britain Group 1 – Charles, Sam Group 2 – Kate, Simone, Rachel Group 3 – Serena, Kiera, Jade Group 4 – Killian, Seb, Walter Group 5 – Jacob, Sam Yugoslavia Group 1 – Solon, Blake, Mika Group 2 – Alyssa, Lilly, Michael Group 3 – Kaela, Em, Miles Group 4 – Tyco, Will, Nathan Group 5 – Henry, Mina, Jason

Cold War Groups: 4 South Vietnam (GVN) Group 1 – Mario, Julia G., Elizabeth Group 2 – Acacia, Emma, Riis Group 3 – Amy, Anna, Julia B. Group 4 – Erica, Lindsey, Drake North Vietnam (DRV) Group 1 – Ashlynn, Aiyana, Samantha Group 2 – Remy, Julia E., Cameron Group 3 – Max, Harley, Kevin Group 4 – Avery, Lilly, Elizabeth

Cold War Groups: 6 France Group 1 – Maria, Olivia, Daniel Group 2 – Allie, Ellis, Emma Group 3 – Giselle, Gisella, Greta Group 4 – Clayton, Ben, Ian Group 5 – Jane, Erin China Group 1 – Ellie, Anika, Alex Group 2 – Grant, Quinn, Liam Group 3 – Iris, James, Maya Group 4 – Stella, Adalyn, Grace Group 5 – Anna, Kathryn Group 6 – Noah, Spencer, Paul