About India…

Population (2010) Total : 1210 million Rural: 833 million & Urban: 377 million Male: million & Female: million ◦ Sex-ratio: 940 ◦ Compounded annual growth rate: 1.64% Density of Population: 382/Sq. Km Religion: Hindus-80.5%, Muslims-13.4%, Christians-2.3%, Sikhs-1.9%.. Literacy rate: Male 75.3% & Female 53.7%

Vital & Other Statistics Crude Birth rate: 22.5, Crude death rate: 7.3 Infant Mortality rate (2009): 50/1000 ◦ (Rural:55 & Urban:34) Neonatal mortality rate (2005): 37 (R:41&U23) Expectation of life at Birth: 63.6 Gini Coefficient: 33.9 Human Development Index: 0.58 (0.89 Sweden/0.94 Norway)-estimates for 2013

Employment & Unemployment ( ) Labour force Participation Rate Total: 40% (Male: 55.7% & Female: 23.3%) Rural: 41.4% (Male: 55.6% & Female: 26.5%) Urban: 36.2% (Male: 55.9% & Female: 14.6%) Unemployed: 9.8 million (Rural: 5.5 & Urban: 4.3) Unemployment rate: 2.0%  Rural: 1.6% Urban: 3.4%  Male: 2.0% Female: 2.3%

Social Structure Social Structure that has a systematic relationship with social identity such as Caste, (Varna system-Hinduism) Caste like groups-woven in to the Social & Economic dimensions of development Social Inequality arising out of the Indian Social structure has its adverse effect on the basic human capabilities needed for a life of dignity without poverty

Varna System: Caste Groups VarnaTraditional OccupationsHierarchy BrahminPriests & Advisors to RulersTop KshatriyaKing-Rulers/WarriorsUpper castes VaishyaBusiness/TradeUpper Castes ShudraFarmers-Workers, Craftsman-Weavers Upper Castes /Middle Segments Shudra- Panchamas Leather workers, Potters, Scavengers, Forest dwellers: hunting & gathering Lowest Considered as untouchables

Constitution of India 1950 The agenda of Social assertion (including the social movements in pre-independence India) was given a formal recognition- Constitution of India mandated special treatment to those sections-considered to be untouchables and excluded from mainstream development The special treatment came in the form of their classification as Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes-affirmative actions in public service employment and higher education across the country

Affirmative Action: Classification VarnaHierarchyAffirmative action- Classification In India BrahminTopOthers KshatriyaUpper caste HindusOthers VaishyaUpper caste HindusOthers ShudraUpper caste HindusOthers Middle SegmentsOBCs-Other Backward Classes (including some sections of Muslims) Shudra- Panchamas Lowest Considered as untouchables Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes

Economy and Agriculture Indian Economy is fundamentally divided between a formal (Protected and less vulnerable)and informal(unprotected and vulnerable-legally/socially) Indian Economy –large number of small economic units 50% of income is generated in informal economy and 92% of workers and their families are depended on it In India 566 million people’s livelihoods primarily depend on agriculture; i.e 55% workforce continue to depend on Agriculture, though they produce only 20% of GDP

Composition of Workforce ( ) Total Employment (in Million) Sector/WorkerInformal/Unorganised Worker Formal/Organized Worker Total Informal/ Unorganized Sector (99.6)1.4 (0.4)394.9 Formal/ Organized Sector 29.1 (46.6)33.4 (53.4)62.6 Total422.6 (92.4)34.9 (7.6)457.5 Figures in brackets indicate row percentages Source: Kannan, 2014, Interrogating Inclusive Growth

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