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Chapter Menu Introduction Section 1: Section 1: The Economy Section 2: Section 2: People and Their Environment Visual Summary

Chapter Intro 1 Australia and New Zealand are among the world’s leaders in exports of agricultural products. The region’s many unique environments and animal and plant species draw visitors from around the world, leading to the growth of tourism. Even though physical barriers and long distances can be obstacles for the people who live in and visit Australia and Oceania, improved transportation and communications have helped make the region more interdependent.

Chapter Intro 2 Section 1: The Economy The physical environment affects people and their activities. In Australia and Oceania, differences in physical environments affect the economic activities of the region—from the flat, dry landscapes of central Australia to the pastures of New Zealand or the tropical rain forests of the Pacific Islands.

Chapter Intro 3 Section 2: People and Their Environment Human actions modify the physical environment. Australia and Oceania contain some of Earth’s most diverse natural resources and wildlife, but human activities threaten the environment.

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Section 1-GTR The Economy In Australia and Oceania, differences in physical environments affect the economic activities of the region—from the flat, dry landscapes of central Australia to the pastures of New Zealand or the tropical rain forests of the Pacific Islands.

Section 1-GTR station The Economy devoted grazier copra involved

Section 1-GTR A.Fiji The Economy B.Papua New Guinea C.Nauru

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1 Most of Australia is used for which type of economic activity? A.Commercial farming B.Livestock raising C.Hunting and gathering D.Commercial fishing The Economy

Section 1 Agriculture is the most important economic activity in Australia and Oceania, but new industries are contributing to national economies. Economic Activities Australia is the world’s leading producer of wool. Less than 5% of Australians work in agriculture, but most of land is devoted to livestock. More than half of New Zealand’s land is used for agriculture.

Section 1 Most of Oceania’s land is not arable, but some crops, such as copra, are produced. Australia is the leading exporter of: Economic Activities (cont.) –Diamonds –Gold –Bauxite –Opals –Iron ore

Section 1 Economic Activities (cont.) New Zealand has a large aluminum smelting industry. Food processing is the most important manufacturing activity in Australia and New Zealand, but most products are used within the country. Australia and New Zealand: Economic Activities

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1 How much of Australia’s land is arable? A.Less than 5% B.Less than 10% C.Less than 15% D.Less than 20%

Section 1 The physical environment creates obstacles to transportation and communications in Australia and Oceania, but new technologies are helping to conquer these obstacles. Transportation and Communications Australia and New Zealand have the most developed road and rail systems in the region. The following are helping communications within Australia and Oceania and with the rest of the world: –Cellular, digital, Internet and satellite communications

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1 Why is transportation and communications difficult within the South Pacific region? A.Long distances B.Harsh climates C.Obstacles to land travel D.All of the above

Section 1 Trade between Australia, Oceania, and other parts of the world has increased due to improvements in transportation and communications, as well as to the creation of trade agreements. Trade and Interdependence The region’s agricultural and mining products are its greatest sources of export income. Australia’s Trading Partners

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1 South Pacific countries have in recent years increased trade with which other countries? A.Japan and China B.United States C.Great Britain D.Sweden and Norway

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Section 2-GTR People and Their Environment Australia and Oceania contain some of Earth’s most diverse natural resources and unique wildlife, but human activities threaten the environment.

Section 2-GTR marsupial People and Their Environment El Niño- Southern Oscillation (ENSO)El Niño- Southern Oscillation (ENSO) diatom restore introduced speciesintroduced species food web ozone layer poses

Section 2-GTR A.Tasmania People and Their Environment B.Murray-Darling River Basin C.Great Barrier Reef

A.A B.B C.C Section 2 What in particular is endangering the Great Barrier Reef? A.Inadequate sanitation B.Toxic waste C.Agricultural runoff People and Their Environment

Section 2 Australia and Oceania have many natural resources, but the region’s environment is threatened by human activities. Human Impact on Resources Unique animals in Australia and New Zealand: –Kangaroos –Koalas –Wallabies

Section 2 Human Impact on Resources (cont.) –Tasmanian devil The introduction of nonnative species has threatened the native animals in both countries. Efforts are being made to restore the ecological balance. –Duck-billed platypus –Echidna –Sea birds and penguins (New Zealand)

Section 2 Human Impact on Resources (cont.) The protection of forest, soil, and freshwater resources is a major concern throughout the South Pacific region. Threats to the Great Barrier Reef: –Tourists –Boaters –Divers –Oil shale mining Levels of Coral Bleaching in the Great Barrier Reef

Section 2 Human Impact on Resources (cont.) –Increasing water temperature In the late 1940s and 1950s, the U.S. and other countries carried out aboveground testing of nuclear weapons in the South Pacific. These tests had a major effect on the people and the environment. –Water pollution

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 One of Australia’s most pressing environmental problems today is which of the following? A.Increasing soil salinity B.Coral bleaching C.Extinction of animals D.Deforestation

Section 2 Environmental concerns related to atmosphere and climate changes threaten Australia and Oceania, as well as other world regions. Challenges for the Future The increasing hole in the ozone above Antarctica may contribute to: –Increasing rates of skin cancer and cataracts

Section 2 Challenges for the Future (cont.) –Global warming –Increasing ENSO-related weather patterns The Ozone Hole

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 How many square miles was the ozone hole in 2006? A.9 million B.9.5 million C.10 million D.10.6 million

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VS 1 Island Economies Australia and New Zealand export large quantities of agricultural products. South Pacific island farmers practice subsistence farming and raise pigs and chickens. Most people in Australia and New Zealand work in service industries. Tourism in the region is growing and its attractions include indigenous cultures, unique wildlife, and interesting geographic features.

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Vocab1 station Australian term for an outlying ranch or large farm

Vocab2 grazier person who raises sheep or cattle

Vocab3 copra dried coconut meat

Vocab4 marsupial mammal whose offspring mature in a pouch on the mother’s abdomen

Vocab5 introduced species plants and animals placed in areas other than their native habitat

Vocab6 food web the interlinking chains of predators and their food sources in an ecosystem

Vocab7 ozone layer atmospheric layer with protective gases that prevents solar rays from reaching the Earth’s surface

Vocab8 El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) a seasonal weather event that can cause droughts in Australia and powerful cyclones in the South Pacific

Vocab9 diatom plankton that flourish in cold ocean waters

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