APHG FRQs Potential for

Unit 1: Geography Basics None specific to Unit 1 Potential Topics? Scale Technology/Geographic tools/data collection Map projections Types of regions/use of regions/regionalization Distance decay/friction of distance Gravity model (role in services, cities, migration, cultural diffusion) Cultural ecology Cultural landscape Maps – types, basics Spatial analysis/perspective Geography as a field of study

Unit 2: Population & Migration Last in 2015 Potential Topics? Illegal immigration Epidemiology/disease Demographic Transition – factors influencing stages; historical growth & decline Density/types/meaning/impact Relationship of population to provision of services (health, school, infrastructure, housing, utilities, etc.) Push/Pull factors Regional migration within U.S. (westward expansion, north to south/west, Great Migration of African Americans) Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration Population policies (pronatalist, one-child, etc.) Population clusters vs. sparsely inhabited regions Migration policies (increase, restrict, etc.)

Unit 3: Culture Last in 2015 Potential Topics? Diffusion (types, reasons, impacts, pros/cons, role of transportation & economic/political/social connections) Globalization of culture, cultural imperialism Uniform landscape Taboos Ethnic conflicts/ethnic cleansing Distribution of languages, organization of languages (family, etc.) Global distribution of religion Role of religion in conflict Gender inequality/changing gender roles Cultural extinction, acculturation, assimilation Culture traits Ethnic vs. universalizing religions Pop vs. folk culture

Unit 4: Political Geo. Last in 2014 & 2015 Potential Topics? Unitary vs. Federal/territorial organization Shapes of states/sizes of states Colonialism/Imperialism – impacts, purpose Terrorism Geopolitical theories Multiethnic, multinational states Boundary disputes/conflicts Law of the Sea Devolution, Balkanization Irredentism

Unit 5: Agriculture & Rural Land Use Last in 2012 & 2014 Potential Topics? Sustainable agriculture & Organic agriculture Commercial agriculture vs. Subsistence Desertification, loss of soil quality, soil salinization, use of chemicals, environmental impacts, etc. Food security; Strategies for increasing food supply Lack of water in arid/semiarid regions; depletion of water GMOs, biotechnology, aquaculture, feedlots, animal steroids, etc. (concerns, pros/cons) Change from subsistence to commercial Plantation agriculture Development & diffusion of agriculture (hearths, advancements, Columbian exchange, etc.) Role of climate, soil, water, etc. & role of humans/technology Second Agricultural Revolution (w/ Industrial Revolution); mechanization of agriculture Pros & cons of Green Revolution Intensive vs. Extensive agriculture Agribusiness – characteristics, development, technologies, impacts Rural settlements (patterns, development, characteristics) Fair trade, “Eat Local,” & Organic agriculture influences on food production & consumption Impact on food production & consumption by changing role of women

Unit 6: Industry & Development Last in 2013 & 2014 Potential Topics? Sustainable development (UN – Brundtland Report, Millennium Goals) Resource issues Self-sufficiency vs. international trade Emerging economies, newly industrialized countries Neo-colonialism Offshore financial services Basic & non-basic industries Deindustrialization (regional, global) Regional relocation of industry (within U.S., Europe, etc.) Beginnings & impacts of Industrial Revolution (economy, agriculture, urbanization, population growth, migration, colonialism etc.) Sectors of the economy (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, quinary) Measures of economic development (HDI, GNI, GDP, IMR, NIR, literacy, healthcare, etc.) Development of core, semi-periphery, & periphery (Wallerstein) Complementarity, comparative advantages International trade, economic globalization, trade blocs (NAFTA, OPEC, EU, etc.) Production increasing in LDCs, consumption in MDCs Outsourcing Ecotourism

Unit 7: Cities & Urban Land Use Last in 2013 Potential Topics? Central Place Theory Rationale for city location Factors in urbanization Development of ancient and medieval cities Pre-colonial, colonial, post-colonial city changes Factors in development of world cities Edge cities Urban models Suburbanization, sprawl Ghettoization/inner-city problems & decay/deterioration/filtering Redevelopment of inner-city/gentrification New Urbanism, mixed use, walkable, greenbelts, sustainable city planning Growth of megacities in LDCs Role of infrastructure (utilities, roads, airports, etc.) Residential & commercial density, zoning ordinances, urban land use Urban fragmentation