Memory The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

Three Box Model of Memory Types of Memory

Sensory Memory The immediate initial recording of sensory information in the memory system Sensory memory registers incoming information from external events/the environment Iconic memory – momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli Echoic memory- momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

Short Term Memory (working memory) The stuff we encode from the sensory goes to STM. Events are encoded visually, acoustically or semantically. Holds about 7 (+/- 2) items for about 20 seconds George Miller-Cognitive Psychologist He authored the paper, "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two," which experimentally discovered an average limit of seven for human short- term memory capacity. We recall digits better than letters. Pg. 344

Long Term Memory Unlimited storehouse of information. Explicit (declarative) memories p. 359 – Conscious memories we try to remember Implicit (non- declarative) memories Unintentional memories we might not realize that we have

Explicit Memories Hippocampus – Process for storage Episodic Memories – Specific events Semantic Memories – General knowledge about the world

Storage: Long-Term Memory MRI scan of hippocampus (in red)-Explicit memories for facts and episodes are processed in the hippocampus and fed to other brain regions for storage. Hippocampus

Implicit Memories Retention w/out conscious recognition Procedural Memories – Skills & how to perform them Conditioned Memories

Ways to remember things in STM…so they go to LTM Chunking: Organizing items into familiar, manageable units. Mnemonic devices Rehearsal – repetition "Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No Plums."

The Memory Process Three step process called Information Processing: 1.Encoding: The processing of information into the memory system. 2.Storage: The retention of encoded material over time. 3.Retrieval: The process of getting the information out of memory storage.

1. Encoding Automatic Processing Little or no effort Processing things like: – Space – Time – Frequency Effortful Processing Requires attention & conscious effort Processing things like: – Meaning – Imagery – Organization

The Ways we can encode… Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture images. Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words. Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning.

2. Storing Memories pg. 354 The retention of encoded material over time.

3. Retrieval- Getting Information Out Recall you must retrieve the information from your memory fill-in-the blank or essay tests Recognition you must identify the target from possible targets multiple-choice tests

Retrieving Priming Associations that aid in retrieving memories. P. 362 Deja vu Cues from current situation subconsciously trigging the retrieval of earlier similar experiences. PG. 363 MOODS MEMORIES PG. 364

Pause and Apply Group Discussion Review and reflect Note your answers on paper (10 minutes) Pg. 346 Ask Yourself Pg. 354 both Pg. 361 Check yourself Pg. 365 Ask yourslf Table discussion Discuss once instructed (10 minutes)

Forgetting Retroactive Interference: new information blocks out old information. Proactive Interference: old information blocks out new information. Calling your new girlfriend by old girlfriends name. Getting a new bus number and forgetting old bus number.

Memory Construction Memories are not always what they seem or feel We fill in missing pieces Misinformation effect Incorporating misleading info into one’s memory of events Source Amnesia (source misattribution) p.375 Attributing the wrong source

Improving Memory Turn to page 381 and 382 please… In your notebook please write down the bolded strategies to improve memory… – Also, write a brief (1 sentence) summary of what each means: Ex: Spend more time rehearsing or actively thinking – Skimming does little, so study with full focus & attention

Improving Memory Discuss strategies on page 381 Study repeatedly to boost long term recall Spend more time rehearsing or actively thinking about the material Make the material personally meaningful Use mnemonic devices to remember unfamiliar list Refresh memory by activating retrieval cues Recall events while they are fresh, before you encounter possible misinformation Minimize interference Test your own knowledge

Take out a piece of paper….. Name the seven dwarves….. Now name them…..

Was it easy or hard? It depends on several things…. If you like Disney movies? When was the last time you have seen the movie? Are people around you being loud pain in the butts so you cannot concentrate?

Review this list of Presidents

Take out a piece of paper and name all the Presidents Could you? If you had more time to review the names on the list would you be able to name them all? Spacing Effect We retain info better long term when it is rehearsed over time…aka…DO NOT CRAM! How many of you named the first and current President?

Serial Position Effect We tend to remember the first & last items on a list better than the middle

Elizabeth Loftus’ Experiment Read page 372 Implanted false memories of childhood trauma One purpose was to test if repression is even possible Many find her research to cross the line…?