Eisenhower/Space Race/ and McCarthyism ( )

President Eisenhower  President from  Vice President Richard Nixon  Preceded By Harry Truman  Succeeded By John F. Kennedy  Political Party-Republican  Came into office as Korean War was ending-Played Major role in developing the “Cease Fire”

Eisenhower & Dulles 1.Massive retaliation. 2.M. A. D. (Mutually Assured Destruction) 3.“Domino Theory”-One Country falls to Communism-The Rest will Fall around it 4.CIA & covert operations 5.Eisenhower Doctrine 1.Massive retaliation. 2.M. A. D. (Mutually Assured Destruction) 3.“Domino Theory”-One Country falls to Communism-The Rest will Fall around it 4.CIA & covert operations 5.Eisenhower Doctrine “Brinksmanship” [John Foster Dulles]

Truman vs. Eisenhower 1.Marshall Plan 2.Truman Doctrine 3.Berlin Airlift 4.NATO 5.Korean War 1.Marshall Plan 2.Truman Doctrine 3.Berlin Airlift 4.NATO 5.Korean War 1.Massive retaliation. 2.M. A. D. 3.“Domino Theory” 4.CIA & covert operations 5.Eisenhower Doctrine 1.Massive retaliation. 2.M. A. D. 3.“Domino Theory” 4.CIA & covert operations 5.Eisenhower Doctrine “Containment” [George Kennan] “Brinksmanship” [John Foster Dulles]

NATO Mao Tse Tung, defeats Chang Kai Shek in the Chinese Civil War….. China became a communistic country. Chang Kai Shak is exiled to Taiwan. Mao Tse Tung becomes the Communistic leader of China. US believed there was a communistic plot to rule the world Mao Tse Tung, defeats Chang Kai Shek in the Chinese Civil War….. China became a communistic country. Chang Kai Shak is exiled to Taiwan. Mao Tse Tung becomes the Communistic leader of China. US believed there was a communistic plot to rule the world Mao Tse Tung Chang Kai Shek

1949- The Soviet Union explodes its own nuclear weapon.

1950 to 1953, North Korea invades South Korea. North Korea was a communist nation and South Korea was a democracy. “containment”First war of “containment” policy to stop communism “Police Action”“Police Action” not a declared war President Truman leads United Nations. General Douglas MacArthur commands US and UN troops. Called “forgotten war” to 1953, North Korea invades South Korea. North Korea was a communist nation and South Korea was a democracy. “containment”First war of “containment” policy to stop communism “Police Action”“Police Action” not a declared war President Truman leads United Nations. General Douglas MacArthur commands US and UN troops. Called “forgotten war”.

 The United States and Russia began to build long- range rockets.  The U.S. favored bombers  The Soviets favored missiles and thus took an early lead in rocket technology  A rocket able to carry a bomb across the globe could also be used to loft machines and men into orbit. The United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a long competition to develop rockets for both warfare and the exploration of space. Events Leading to the Space and Nuclear Arms Race

1957 Russians launch SPUTNIK I Facts on Sputnik Aluminum sphere, 23 inches in diameter weighing 184 pounds with four steel antennae emitting radio signals. Launched Oct. 4, 1957 Stayed in orbit 92 days, until Jan. 4, 1958 Facts on Sputnik Aluminum sphere, 23 inches in diameter weighing 184 pounds with four steel antennae emitting radio signals. Launched Oct. 4, 1957 Stayed in orbit 92 days, until Jan. 4, 1958

Effects on the United States Americans fear a Soviet attack with missile technology Effects on the United States Americans fear a Soviet attack with missile technology Americans resolved to regain technological superiority over the Soviet Union In July 1958, President Eisenhower created NASA or National Space and Aeronautics Agency >National Defense Education Act > National Defense Education Act Americans resolved to regain technological superiority over the Soviet Union In July 1958, President Eisenhower created NASA or National Space and Aeronautics Agency >National Defense Education Act > National Defense Education Act 1957 Russians launch SPUTNIK I

Atomic Anxieties: “Duck-and-Cover Generation” Atomic Anxieties: “Duck-and-Cover Generation” Atomic Testing: Between July 16, 1945 and Sept. 23, 1992, the United States conducted 1,054 official nuclear tests, most of them at the Nevada Test Site. Atomic Testing: Between July 16, 1945 and Sept. 23, 1992, the United States conducted 1,054 official nuclear tests, most of them at the Nevada Test Site. Americans began building underground bomb shelters and cities had underground fallout shelters. Effects of Sputnik on United States

Sputnik  Sputnik II, launched on November 3, 1957, carried a dog named Laika on board. Laika was the first living organism in space. She survived for only a few hours instead of the planned ten days because of overheating and stress.

The First Man To Orbit The Earth  On April 12, 1961, Yuri A. Gagarin was launched into space aboard the Soviet vessel Vostok I, making him the first human to orbit the earth.

The First Man To Orbit The Earth  The ship made a single orbit around the earth, and the flight only lasted about 1 hour 28 minutes.  This was another great victory for the Soviet Union and a big step towards defeating the U.S. in the space race.

The New U.S. President  In January of 1961, John F. Kennedy was inaugurated president of the U.S.  After the Bay of Pigs fiasco, Kennedy wanted some substantial victory that would draw attention away from the failure as well as demonstrate America’s superiority over Russia.  He announced on May 25, 1961 that he planned to send a man to the moon before the decade was through.  Congress agreed to fund this goal.

The First American In Space  On May 5, 1961, Alan B. Shepard became the first American in space.  Launched on top of a Redstone missile, he made a short, suborbital flight in a Mercury capsule.  Later, on February 20, 1962, John Glenn became the first American to orbit the earth.

The First American In Space  On May 5, 1961, Alan B. Shepard became the first American in space.  Launched on top of a Redstone missile, he made a short, suborbital flight in a Mercury capsule.  Later, on February 20, 1962, John Glenn became the first American to orbit the earth.

Soviet Union Advancements  While the United States struggled to surpass Russia in nuclear and space traveling capabilities, the Russians were continuing to achieve more and more.  Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova was the first woman to orbit earth. She rode aboard Vostok 5 on June 16-19, 1963.

U.S. Lands On The Moon  On July 20, 1969, astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first men to reach the moon.

The United States Wins the Space Race  With the landing of Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on the moon, the United States officially beat the Soviet Union in the space race.

The RED SCARE and McCarthyism

red scare3 In 1948, Whittaker Chambers made accusations of Soviet espionage against former State Dept. official Alger Hiss Hiss found guilty of spying & sentenced to 10 yrs in prison Richard NixonHUACRichard Nixon, Congressmen from California was part of the HUAC that investigated Alger Hiss. In 1948, Whittaker Chambers made accusations of Soviet espionage against former State Dept. official Alger Hiss Hiss found guilty of spying & sentenced to 10 yrs in prison Richard NixonHUACRichard Nixon, Congressmen from California was part of the HUAC that investigated Alger Hiss. Alger HissWhitaker ChambersRichard Nixon

Red ScareRed Scare was Americans response to the fear of Communism Joseph McCarthySenator Joseph McCarthy accused 205 US Govt. officials of being Communist. McCarthyismMcCarthyism to destroy or assassinate one’s character without proof and it ruined the careers of many Americans. red scare witch hunt loyalty oath Became a witch hunt that led to Americans pledging a “loyalty oath” to the United States…….

In a campaign speech in West Virginia, McCarthy claims to have a list of 205 known communist agents working in the US State Department.

McCarthyism- The use of unproven accusations to label someone as a communist.

1954- The Army-McCarthy hearings In nationally televised hearings, McCarthy is exposed as a bully and a fraud.

A “Witch Hunt” McCarthy is censured by the US Senate for conduct unbecoming his office.

Established 1947, The CIA Is the US spy network.

Hollywood becomes the focus of the “Red Scare.”

“The Hollywood Ten “ “ Blacklisting” 1947

Lucille Ball 1953-Investigated by HUAC for registering to vote as a communist in the 1930’s at the urging of her Grandfather.

“The only thing ‘red’ about Lucy is her hair & that’s not even real.”