 Humanism  Psychologist—Father of client-centered therapy  Student-directed  Each child reacts or responds based on his perception of the world

 Erik Erickson’s theory of psychosocial development is one of the best-known theories of personality in psychology. Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of stages, and his theory describes the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan.

 Psychosocial Stage 1 - Trust vs. Mistrust  Psychosocial Stage 2 - Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt  Psychosocial Stage 3 - Initiative vs. Guilt  Psychosocial Stage 4 - Industry vs. Inferiority  Identity vs. Role Diffusion (12—18 years).  Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood).  Generative vs. Stagnation (adult middle years).  Ego Integrity vs. Despair (older years).

Pragmatism Traditional and Progressive Education

Experiential Learning Improving the human condition—societal purposes and individual purposes Teacher-directed Continuity Interaction Learning is active Children should be involved in real-life tasks

 Burrhus Frederic Skinner  Behaviorism  Behavior is formed by its consequences (reinforcements or punishments)  Computer-based self instruction

 developmental psychologist  known for his sociocultural perspective  Constructivism

 Vygotsky posited two types of psychological functioning: "natural," consisting of biological growth, both physical and cognitive development; and "cultural," consisting of learning to use psychological and cultural tools, including signs, symbols, and language  He suggested that learning and development are facilitated in a hypothetical region called the zone of proximal development (ZPD).  Scaffolding

 a psychologist and professor at Harvard  Graduate School of Education,  challenged the view that something called “intelligence” can be objectively measured and reduced to a single number or “IQ” score.  definition of intelligence is multifaceted  Project Zero, at Harvard  intelligence can be learned and improved upon throughout a lifetime. 

Children develop self-care skills first woman in Italy to qualify as a physician  Maria Montessori ( )  Student-centered  Experiential Learning  Supports the natural development of children  Encourages creativity, problem solving and critical thinking

 children learn best in a “child-sized” environment  stimulating and inviting  offers beauty and order  child chooses own work  activities have meaning and purpose  hands-on; self-correcting; sensorial; didactic  daily living skills practiced  conceptual.