Word Form Noun: person, place, thing Verb: action and state of being Adjective: describes nouns Adverb: describes verbs

How are English words formed? In English, words have a base that gives the basic meaning The base of unhappily is _____happy_________. If you add a prefix to the word, it usually changes the meaning of the word. Unhappy means the opposite of happy. If you add a suffix to the word, it usually changes the function of the word or the parts of speech. Happy is an adjective; happily is an adverb He is a happy boy. VS He is singing happily.

You can tell the part of speech by looking at the suffix of a word! Example Suffix Part of Speech Example Word Sentence -ize Verb finalize Have you called the travel agent to finalize our vacation? -tion Noun Finalization The finalization of your plans depends on your ability to pay for the tickets on time. -al Adjective Final By the final week of school, we were ready for vacation. -ly Adverb Finally I’m finally ready to go.

By adding a suffix you can change the pronunciation of a word! Verb/Adjective Noun Ed-ucate (verb) Edu-CA-tion SI-milar (adjective) Simi-LA-rity Ad-vertize (verb) Adver-TIZE-ment

Practice: Write the base word for the following vocabulary (Hint: the base word is hidden in the word) Motivation _____________ Liquefy ___________________ Explorer ________________ Finalize _______________ Natural ______________ Thicken __________________ Comfortable _______________ Density ________________ Different __________________ Randomness ___________________

Verb endings: Verbs are actions or existence words that describe what nouns do or are. You can convert some nouns or adjectives to make verbs by adding one of these suffixes. Suffix Meaning Example -ate To cause, to become, to supply motivate, educate, -en To make something have a certain quality darken, soften -ify To cause or make into something identify, solidify, unify -ize To become generalize, finalize

Ex. 1: Can you find the verbs? At that speed, Dave will not qualify for the race. His slow speed does not justify a starting time. If he quickens his pace, he may qualify. Dave verbalizes his feelings in poems. In contrast, his coaches articulate their feelings through long speeches.

Ex. 2: Building Verbs Word Noun or Adjective Verb form class diverse final alien light clear apology active formal

Noun Endings: Nouns are people, places, things and ideas. Suffixes for nouns Meaning Examples -al the act of doing something rehearsal, denial, arrival -ence,-ance, -cy An action or process; quality, condition reference, performance, secrecy -ent, -ant Someone or something that does something president, participant, student -er, -or, -r teacher, elevator, printer, driver -ese, -an, -ish Nationality or language Chinese, Canadian, Turkish -ity, -ty, State, character, or condition of being equality, insanity, beauty -tion, -ion, Act or result of doing something attention, impression, comprehension -ism A belief or set of ideas capitalism, atheism -ist, -ian A person who performs a specific action; a person with certain beliefs chemist, capitalist, communist technician, musician -ment A result of doing something, a place of action development, department

More suffixes that make nouns. Meaning Examples -ness State or condition Happiness, illness, craziness -ology, logy The science of; equipment for Biology, psychology, physiology, technology -ry, -y A result, activity, or place of business victory, carpentry, laundry -ship a state or condition; an art or skill Friendship, sportsmanship -th A quality Strength, depth -ure An act, process, or result procedure, failure, fracture

Rules for making nouns: RULE 1: Nouns can be made from verbs (fail+ure), adjectives (ill+ness), and sometimes from other nouns (friend+ship) by adding suffixes. RULE 2: Proper nouns can also have suffixes. E.g. Canadian, American

Building Nouns From Verbs: 1. invest ___investor/investment______ 2. conform ________________ 3. impress _________________ 4. confide ________________ 5. improve _______________ 6. integrate _______________ 7. discover _______________ 8. manage ________________

Building Nouns from Adjectives: Personal ________________________ Similar ________________________ Weak ____________________________ Happy ____________________________ Violent ____________________________ Responsible ________________________ Brilliant ________________________ Honest ________________________

Adjective Endings: Adjectives describe nouns or pronouns Suffixes Meaning Examples -able, -ible capable of, tending to; fit for; or having qualities of Comfortable, reversible -al, -ial of or relating to something musical, occasional -ant, -ent performing or causing an action/process; being in a specified condition abundant, persistent, competent -ary belonging to, relating to planetary, military, missionary, dictionary -ate having to do with something, state or quality compassionate, fortunate, -ful full of wonderful, beautiful, prideful -ic, -ical relating to or characterized by periodic, organic, analytical, critical

More suffixes for adjectives: Suffixes of Adjective Meaning examples -ish having qualities of bluish, childish -ive having tendency to, character of, function of expensive, massive -less without something careless, useless, fearless -y having the character of Curly, funny, crazy -ous, ious Having qualities of Dangerous, gracious

Building Adjectives from nouns: 1. Sense ______________ 2. danger ______________ 3. athlete ______________ 4. Accuracy ____________ 5. violence _____________ 6. monotony _____________ 7. style ________________ 8. hero ________________

Building Adjectives from verbs: 1. help _____________ 2. prohibit ____________ 3. envy ____________ 4. depend _____________ 5. create ______________ 6. observe ______________ 7. accept ______________ 8. obey ______________