Dwight D. Eisenhower John F. Kennedy Foreign Policy

Relations with the Soviet Union Hungary tries to pull away in 1956 Soviet tanks crush rebellion

Impact of John Foster Dulles Secretary of State Replace “containment” with “rollback” –“push back” borders of communism to pre-WWII levels Change weapons production –Less for conventional weapons –More for nuclear weapons –Submarines, missile systems –Advocated “massive retaliation” Use of CIA Peace through strength Arms race between the U.S. and U.S.S.R.

Alliances Alliance between the U.S., South Korea, Taiwan Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) –U.S., Australia, Pakistan, Thailand, New Zealand, Philippines, South Vietnam Allied with countries who had leaders who did what we wanted (more S.O.B.’s) –Philippines, Cuba, Nicaragua, Iran, the Dominican Republic –These leaders treated their citizens badly

Role of the CIA Headed by Allen Dulles (John Foster’s brother) Helped overthrow communist leaning governments –Overthrew Prime Minister of Iran in favor of Shah (for oil) –Overthrew Arbenz in Nicaragua (fruit) –Attempted overthrow Sukarno in Indonesia (failed) –Attempted overthrow of Castro in Cuba (failed)

Issues in the Middle East Both Truman and Eisenhower worried about third world As European colonies gained independence which way would they go? Main concern in the Middle East: oil Other issue: Israeli statehood

Issues in the Middle East British controlled Palestine U.N. resolution created two nations: Israel and Palestine Jerusalem remains under U.N. control Arab states refused to recognize Israel and attacked Israel won the war, took the entire area

Issues in the Middle East Egypt granted independence from Britain (1952) Gamal Abdel Nasser in power Looked to Soviet Union for help Willing to accept American help, too –Soviets offered to build dam on Nile –Americans offered help (if Soviet help was declined) –Nasser tried to get both –Dulles withdrew American support

Issues in the Middle East British and French controlled Suez Canal Nasser nationalized it (1956) After failed negotiations Britain, France, and Israel attacked Egypt –Eisenhower supported Egypt –British and French gave up control to Egypt Led to Eisenhower Doctrine

Issues in the Middle East Eisenhower Doctrine Assist any Middle Eastern nation attempting to stop communist aggression Much like Truman Doctrine Got involved in Jordan and Lebanon

Impact of the Cold War Nuclear testing and the impact on citizens h?v=JRS4CrFdXOkhttp:// h?v=JRS4CrFdXOk How to protect yourself h?v=11EWuW_aWCIhttp:// h?v=11EWuW_aWCI People were tested (without knowledge) on effects of radiation Feeling of Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)

Impact of the Cold War Eisenhower tried to work on arms limitations Geneva Summit (1955) Met with Khrushchev –Proposed “open skies” policy –Worked toward arms reduction treaty Second summit in 1960 –American U-2 plane shot down –Eisenhower denied it –Khrushchev showed evidence

Impact of the Cold War Farewell Address (1961) warned about the “Military- Industrial” complex Concerns –Military buildup could become too strong –Military contractors would have too much influence –Economy would become too dependent on military construction

Kennedy Foreign Policy

Peace Corps –young men and women –Help in developing countries –Education, health care, sanitation –How does it relate to the Cold War? Alliance for Progress –$20 million for Latin America –Food, education, medicine, etc. –How does it relate to the Cold War?

Kennedy Presidency -- Foreign Accused Eisenhower of “missile gap” Discovered there wasn’t one but... –Behind on conventional weapons –Use of special forces and small scale attacks –Congress authorizes spending for both Flexible Response –Look at the situation: determine best response –Options? –Need adequate weapons supply

Kennedy Presidency -- Foreign Met Soviet Premier Khrushchev in Vienna (1961) –Went badly –Fought over Cuba, Laos, and Berlin –Kennedy tried to reason –won’t do it again!

Berlin Wall Berlin – 1961 –Khrushchev wanted separation –Builds wall (keep East Berliners in) –Kennedy ramps up military –Goes to Berlin Ich bin ein Berliner!

Cuban Missile Crisis Cuba ruled by Fulgencio Batista “He may be an SOB, but he’s our SOB.” – FDR Batista cruel dictator cared about upper class 1959: Fidel Castro led bloodless coup Batista fled

Cuban Missile Crisis Castro promised –Jobs –Education –medical care Wanted US help; Eisenhower refused to see him Nationalized American businesses Looked to Soviets for help

Cuban Missile Crisis Khrushchev happy to help U.S. embargoed Cuban sugar CIA tried burning sugar cane fields Eisenhower’s administration created plan to get rid of Castro (passed onto Kennedy)

Cuban Missile Crisis Bay of Pigs invasion Plan: –send 1500 Cuban exiles to liberate –U.S. supplies air support (cancelled) Exiles met by entire Cuban Army Within 72 hours all 1500 dead or captured

Cuban Missile Crisis Kennedy takes responsibility (on TV) Castro fears full invasion Soviet Union helps: nuclear warheads in Cuba October 14, 1962: U.S. U2 spy plane photographs missile sites Soviet Union has ability to destroy most of U.S. within an hour

Cuban Missile Crisis 13 DAYS October 14 –U-2 photographs missile sites October 22 –Kennedy warns nation; confronts Soviets October 24 –US quarantines Cuba; stops Soviet ships October 27 –U-2 spy plane shot down; pilot killed October 27 –Telegrams from Khrushchev to Kennedy wanting a deal October 28 –Soviets agree to remove missiles if US agrees to remove missiles from Turkey

Cuban Missile Crisis RESULTS Castro firmly in power; wary of US Khrushchev looks weak (out of power by 1966) Kennedy looks strong Closest to nuclear war EVER Installed hotline with Soviet Union Limited Nuclear test ban treaty U.S. embargo on Cuba (still in effect today)

Cuban Missile Crisis

How are Cold War relations impacting life in America?