Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. India and the Indian Ocean Basin 1

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Explain the reasons behind the quest for centralized imperial rule and the introduction of Islam to northern India.  Compare and contrast the Hindu kingdoms of southern India.  Explain and discuss key aspects of agriculture in the monsoon world.  Outline the features of trade and economic development in southern India. 2

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Identify the important aspects of cross- cultural trade in the Indian Ocean basin.  Identify the connections between caste and society in postclassical India.  Compare and contrast the expansion of Hinduism and Islam throughout postclassical India.  Compare and contrast the influence of Indian civilization within southeast Asian states. 3

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Invasion of White Huns from Central Asia beginning 451 CE  Gupta State collapsed mid-6 th c.  Chaos in northern India  Local power struggles  Invasions of Turkish nomads, absorbed into Indian society 4

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Temporary restoration of unified rule in north India  Religiously tolerant  Buddhist by faith  Generous support for poor  Patron of the arts  Wrote three plays  Assassinated, no successor able to retain control 5

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Arabs conquer Sind (north-west India), 711  Heterodox population, but held by Abbasid dynasty to

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Arabic trade with India predates Islam  Dominated trade between India and the west to 15 th century  Established local communities in India  port city of Cambay 7

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Leader of the Turks in Afghanistan  : Raids into India  Plunders, destroys Hindu and Buddhist temples  Often built mosques atop ruins 8

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Consolidation of Mahmud’s raiding territory  Capital: Delhi  Ruled northern India  Weak administrative structure  Reliance on cooperation of Hindu kings  19 out of 35 Sultans assassinated 9

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Chola Kingdom ( )  Maritime power  Not highly centralized  Kingdom of Vijayanagar  Northern Deccan  Originally supported by Sultanate of Delhi  Leaders renounce Islam in 1336  Yet maintained relations with Sultanate 10

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Spring/summer: rains, wind from south-west  Fall/winter: dry season, wind from north-east  Seasonal irrigation crucial to avoid drought, famine  Especially southern India  Massive construction of reservoirs, canals, tunnels 11

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 12

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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Indian regional economies largely self- sufficient  staple foods widely available  Certain products traded throughout subcontinent  Iron, copper, salt, pepper  Southern India profits from political instability in north 14

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  More than religious centers  Center of coordination of irrigation, other agricultural work  Some temples had large landholdings  Education providers  Banking services 15

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Trade increases in post-classical period  Larger ships  Dhows, junks  Improved organization of agricultural efforts  Establishment of Emporia  Cosmopolitan port cities serve as warehouses for trade  Specialized products developed (cotton, high-carbon steel) 16

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Example of trade-driven development  Founded 1 st c. CE  Adopted Christianity  Displaces Kush as Egyptian link to the south  Axum destroys Kushan capital Meroë c. 360 CE  Major territorial expansion to late 6 th c. 17

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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Migrations  Growth of Islam  Urbanization  Economic development  Development of Jati (subcastes)  Similar to worker’s guilds  Caste system expands from north to south  Promoted by temples, educational system 19

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Buddhism displaced as Turkish invasions destroy holy sites, temples  1196: Muslim forces destroy library of Nalanda  Thousands of monks exiled 20

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Growth of devotional cults  Esp. Vishnu, Shiva  Promise of salvation  Especially popular in southern India, spreads to north 21

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  SRI SHANKARA: Brahmin philosopher of 9 th c. CE  Devotee of Shiva  Synthesized Hindu writings in Platonic form  Preferred rigorous logical analysis to emotional devotion 22

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  SRI RAMANUJA: Brahmin philosopher of 11 th -early 12 th c.  Challenges Shankara’s emphasis on intellect  Laid philosophical foundations of contemporary Hinduism 23

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  25 million converts by 1500 (1/4 of total population)  Possibilities of social advancement for lower- caste Hindus  Rarely achieved: whole castes or jatis convert, social status remains consistent 24

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Personal, emotional, devotional approaches to Islam  Important missionaries of Islam to India  Some flexibility regarding local customs 25

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Attempt to bring Hinduism and Islam closer together  12 th c. southern Hindu movement, spread to north  Guru Kabir ( )  Taught that Shiva, Vishnu, Allah all manifestations of one Deity  Largely unsuccessful 26

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Influence dates from 500 BCE  Evidence of Indian ideas and traditions  Kingship  Religions (Hinduism, Buddhism)  Literature  Caste system not as influential 27

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Funan  Lower Mekong River, 1 st -6 th c. CE  Kingdom of Srivijaya  Centered in Sumatra, CE  Kingdom of Angkor  Cambodia, CE  Magnificent religious city complexes 28

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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Early populations of Muslim traders  Increasing popularity with Sufi activity  Many convert, retain some Hindu or Buddhist traditions 30

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Founded late 14 th c. CE by rebellious prince of Sumatra  Dominated maritime trade routes  Mid-15 th c.: Converts to Islam 31