Ancient Rome 500 – 146 BCE Unit IV Chapter 6 Sections 1 & 2 World History I

Italian Peninsula—Physical features  Apennine Peninsula  Mountains:  Alps  Apennine  Rivers:  Tiber  Po  Seas:  Tyrrhenian  Adriatic  Ionian  Mediterranean Rome Adriatic Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Sicily Carthage Africa Sardinia Corsica Mediterranean Sea Ionian Sea

Influence of Geography  Latium Region:  Inhabitants:  Latins  Rome:  Tiber River:  Access to Mediterranean  Seven Hills:  Easy to defend  Palatine Hill  Inland City:  Protection from invasion  Central Location  Italian Peninsula:  Center of the Mediterranean Sea  Access to trade and conquest  Distant from eastern powers  Arable land

Seven Hills of Rome

People of Italy  Latins:  Indo-European farmers and herders  Language: Latin  Region: Latium  Greeks:  Settled southern Italy and Sicily  Magna Graecia  Influenced:  Agriculture, Alphabet, Architecture, Art, Literature, Religion  Etruscans:  Region: Etruria  North of Rome  Turned Rome from a village into a city  5 th, 6 th & 7 th Kings of Rome were Etruscan  Influences:  Art, Dress (toga, short cloak), Military Organization, Numerals, Architecture

Roman Religion  Early Roman Religion:  Worshipped spirits (Numina)  Religious Mythology:  Greek & Etruscan influences  Purpose:  Explain natural phenomena, human qualities and life events  Emphasized the founding, history and heroes of Rome  Rituals & Sacrifices:  Made to appease the gods in exchange for assistance from the gods

Roman Gods  Jupiter  Chief God; Thunder/Sky  Greek: Zeus  Juno  Queen of the Gods  Greek: Hera  Apollo  God of Sun/Music  Greek: Apollo  Diana  Goddess of Hunt/Fertility  Greek: Artemis  Neptune  God of Sea/Earthquakes  Greek: Poseidon

Roman Gods  Minerva  Goddess of Wisdom  Greek: Athena  Venus  Goddess of Vineyards/Love  Greek: Aphrodite  Mars  God of War  Greek: Ares  Vulcan  God of Fire/Forge  Greek: Hephaestus  Pluto  God of Underworld/Dead  Greek: Hades Temple of Bacchus (Greek: Dionysus)

Roman Republic Senatus Populusque Romanus ‘The Senate and the Roman People’

Early Republic  Roman Kingdom (753 – 509 BCE):  Monarchy turns tyrannical and is overthrown  Last King: Tarquin the Proud  Republic:  Power is with representatives elected by the people  ‘Representative Democracy’  Extending the Republic:  Etruscans, Latin League, Apennines, Greeks  Constructed fortified towns  Connected the Republic with roads  Roman Confederation:  Allowed to manage their own affairs and gain citizenship  Loyalty and soldiers were provided to Rome  3 Virtues of Success:  Duty – Courage - Discipline

Roman Republic – Social Structure  Citizens:  Patricians:  Nobility  Plebeians:  Commoners  Select Foreigners  ‘Romanization’  Assimilation and integration of new populations into the Roman Republic  Non-Citizens:  Women:  could own property  Slaves:  debt-slaves (property), warfare  Citizen Rights/Responsibilities:  Taxes  Military Service  Voting

Roman Republic – Patrician vs Plebeian PATRICIANS PLEBEIANS  10% of the Citizenry  Nobility:  powerful aristocratic landowners  could hold government office  90% of the Citizenry  Commoners:  farmers, artisans, merchants  excluded from magistracies and religious colleges

Roman Republic - Government Executive Branch Consuls Dictators Judicial Branch Praetors Legislative Branch - Senate - Centuriate Assembly - Tribal Assembly ×  Principles:× Legal Code: +  Separation of Powers + Twelve Tables  Checks and Balances

Roman Executive & Judicial Branches Executive Branch  Consuls  Highest elected office  Civil & Military Leaders  Two Consuls  One year terms  Patricians  Shared Power  one could veto the other  Dictators  Six month term  Chosen by Consul  Elected by Senate  Appointed in time of crisis  Absolute power Judicial Branch  Praetors  Created to ease judicial burden on consuls  only outranked by Consuls  Appointment:  Open only to Senators  Chosen by Centuriate Assembly  Responsibilities:  Civil and Criminal Courts  Govern Provinces

Roman Republic: Legal Principles  Equal treatment under the law  Innocent until proven guilty  Accused have right to defend themselves before a judge  Judge is expected to weigh evidence before reaching a legal decision  Only actions are punishable, not thoughts

Roman Legislative branch  Senate:  ‘senatus’  council of elders  aristocratic branch  patrician members  300 Senators  life-term  Responsibilities:  advisory body, approved laws, debated foreign policy, controlled finances  Centuriate Assembly:  divided into ‘centuries’  citizen-soldiers  plebeian & patrician members  elected chief officials:  Consuls, Praetors  made laws, declared war  Tribal Assembly:  divided into units/tribes  based on residence  1 urban & 31 rural tribes  plebeian members  elected Tribunes  passed laws  applicable to commoners

Roman Republic: Rights for Plebeians  509 BCE: Tarquin the Proud overthrown by Patricians  Plebeians receive lack control of government  494 BCE: Plebeians strike  Complaints:  debt slavery, discrimination in courts, inability to intermarry with Patricians, lack of political representation, absence of a written legal code  Patrician concerns:  Plebeians were in control of agriculture and made up a bulk of the military

Roman Republic: Plebeian Victories  494 BCE:  Right to elect ‘Tribunes’  Presided over the Plebian Council  power to veto Senate and other magistracies  449 BCE:  Twelve Tables  1 st codified law in Rome  367 BCE:  Right to stand for Consul  also opens up the Censor and Dictator  287 BCE:  ‘Hortensian Law’  All citizens are bound to laws passed by the Plebeian Council

Punic Wars

Punic Wars: Carthage  Founded as a Phoenician colony in 814 BCE  Location: Tunisia  Carthaginian Republic:  Northern Africa, Southern Spain, Corsica, Sardinia, Western Sicily  Mediterranean trade center and economic superpower  massive naval/trading fleet  Conflict with Rome:  Trading routes and control of Sicily

1 st Punic War (264 – 241 BCE)  Cause:  Rome established a garrison on Sicily  Carthage viewed this as an act of war  Primarily a naval war:  Carthage:  Huge fleet and experienced in naval warfare  Rome:  Small fleet and little experience in naval warfare  Roman Strategy:  Expanded Navy  Assault Planks  Grappling Hooks  241 BCE: Peace Treaty  Sicily becomes Rome’s 1 st Province  Carthage pays indemnity  compensation for costs

2 nd Punic War (218 – 202 BCE)  Hannibal Barca (Carthaginian General):  Invades the Italian Peninsula through the Alps  Before: 38,000 infantry, 8,000 cavalry & 37 war elephants  After: 20,000 infantry, 4,000 cavalry & a few elephants (Polybius)  Italian Campaign:  Battle of Cannae:  decisive defeat of the Roman army  War of Attrition:  Hannibal sought to break down the agricultural and economic lifeline of Rome  ‘scorched earth’ policy  Rome avoided pitched battles and utilized guerilla tactics

Hannibal’s Route

2 nd Punic War (218 – 202 BCE)  Publius Cornelius Scipio (Scipio Africanus):  attacked Carthage  forced Hannibal to return to Africa  Battle of Zama (202 BCE)  Defeated Hannibal and ended the 17-year war  Result:  Carthage:  gives up empire:  Spain, all islands, Northern Africa  Pays huge indemnity  Forbidden to have significant army/navy  Unable to declare war without Rome’s approval  Rome:  emerges as an empire and the major power of the Mediterranean

3 rd Punic War (149 – 146 BCE)  Carthage began to prosper once again  Senators felt that Carthage must be completely destroyed  feared they would again be a threat  Cato the Elder:  ‘ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam’  ‘Furthermore, I think that Carthage must be destroyed’  Siege of Carthage:  Complete destruction  City was burnt down  Population enslaved  Salt was sown into the fields

Results of Punic Wars  Rome expands East  Elimination of trade competition  Mediterranean Basin under Roman influence:  Africa, Gaul (France), Spain, Greece  Organized conquered territory into provinces:  spread Roman culture Poseidon Mosaic - Tunisia Dura Europos Synagogue Fresco - Syria

Roman Extent: Post Punic Wars