studied medicine at Edinburgh University ( ) where the sight of blood and surgery without anesthetics repulsed him studied to become a clergyman at Cambridge University ( ) born in Shrewsbury, England, in 1809

After Cambridge, Charles was recommended for a surveying trip on the HMS Beagle. He sailed aboard the Beagle for 5 years, working as a naturalist.

This voyage lasted from 1831 to The Beagle sailed around the world.

At the time Darwin made his trip, the majority of people believed the Earth and all of its forms of life had been created only a few thousand years in the past.

People also believed in fixity of species; in other words, species never changed. After careful observation and study of new scientific discoveries, Darwin began to think otherwise. People also believed that the Earth had not changed during those few thousand years. The first dinosaur to be described scientifically was Megalosaurus by William Buckland in 1824.

Darwin was influenced by geologist James Hutton’s writings that described geologic forces he thought had changed and were still changing the earth. Hutton proposed that the Earth had to be much more than a few thousand years old. The Father of Geology

Darwin was also influenced by geologist Charles Lyell who wrote Principia Geologica. Lyell’s book proposed that tremendous geologic processes had shaped the Earth such as seen in volcanoes active in the present.

On the voyage, Darwin noticed that everywhere he went, the animals and plants differed vastly. Patterns in the species suggested that the species had changed over time and had given rise to new and different species.

The Galapagos Islands lie 500 miles west of Ecuador in the Pacific Ocean, directly on the equator. Many of Darwin’s conclusions were based on observations of wildlife in the Galapagos Islands. “Galapagos” means turtle.

What it must have been like to be Darwin… Darwin noticed on these islands, there were several types of finches.

In particular, Darwin observed something odd about the finches: they all looked like a bird he had seen on the South American continent.

Darwin wondered if the birds and other animals had been created to match their environment, why didn’t these birds look like the birds of the African continent, since the environments of both the Galapagos and Africa were similar.

Darwin guessed that some of the birds from South America migrated to the Galapagos. Once on the islands, the birds must have changed over the years.

This would explain the numerous species of birds present. woodpecker finch cactus finch large ground finch

Darwin called this… or (change in species over time) Darwin concluded: Each species has descended, with changes, from other species over time. Descent With Modifications

EVOLUTION IS GENETIC CHANGE IN A POPULATION THROUGH TIME.

EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION

Charles Darwin On his journey around the world, Darwin found evidence of gradual change (evolution). Darwin cited evidences he found in fossil records, geographic distribution and homologous structures.

Evidences of Evolution Today most evidences for evolution are grouped into five main categories: Fossil Record Biochemical Comparative Anatomy Biogeography Observable Events

FOSSIL RECORD Paleontology Fossil – remains or traces of an organism that lived long ago Remains: ex. bones, teeth, or shell Traces: ex. burrow, footprint, or imprint

FOSSIL RECORD Most fossils are found in layered sedimentary rock Oldest fossils are on the lowest layer

FOSSIL RECORD Comparing fossils from different layers shows:  Life on Earth has changed  Increased number of life forms

FOSSIL RECORD When Whales Had Legs

BIOCHEMICAL THE GENETIC CODE Triplets of DNA nitrogen-base sequences that code for specific amino acids The amino acid triplet is the same in almost all organisms.

BIOCHEMICAL The similarity of triplet DNA codes making-up amino acids shows:  A probable common ancestor for all life on Earth  Amino Acid Sequencing is probably the STRONGEST evidence for relationships among organisms.

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES structures with similar structure but different function (ex: turtle, alligator, bird, mammal) Turtle Alligator Bird Mammal

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY Homologous structures show  Similar genes  Descent from a common ancestor Turtle Alligator Bird Mammal Ancient lobe-finned fish

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES organs so reduced in size that they are nonfunctioning remnants of similar organs in other species ex: human tailbone, appendix, whale pelvis

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY Vestigial structures show:  an organism’s evolutionary past  a common ancestor with species that have similar structures that are still functioning

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY When Whales Had Legs Vestigial Structures

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY EMBRYOLOGY Embryos of different species may appear similar in early stages of development ex: vertebrate development

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY Comparison of similarities in embryos can show:  Relationship to a common ancestor Human embryo

BIOGEOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANISMS organisms living widely apart (even different continents) may be similar because they share a common ancestor Beaver Muskrat Beaver and Muskrat Coypu Capybara Coypu and Capybara  Shows common ancestor

OBSERVABLE EVENTS Some changes in species have been observed and studied: Peter & Rosemary Grant’s Study of Beak Size Shift in Darwin’s Finches H. Kettlewell’s Study of Peppered Moth Color Shifts

OBSERVABLE EVENTS  Observable events show that evolution is an ongoing process Peter & Rosemary Grant’s Study of Beak Size Shift in Darwin’s Finches H. Kettlewell’s Study of Peppered Moth Color Shifts

Malthus was a British social scientist who made these observations about humans: People have more children than are able to survive. There are built-in population checks: disease, famine, and war. Darwin based his theory on his own observations and the writings of Thomas Malthus.

Darwin extended these principles to biology, which helped him form his theory of… …or Survival of the Fittest.

Five basic components of

1. All species have genetic variation. Every species is different, even within itself. Look around you…are you all the same?

2. Organisms produce more offspring than can survive. Many that survive do not produce offspring. The female green sea turtle lays a clutch of about 110 eggs. She may lay several clutches. It is likely that less than 1% of the hatchlings will ever reach sexual maturity.

3. Since more organisms are produced than can survive, there is competition (struggle for existence). Competition exists WITHIN and AMONG species. food Within and Among Species for And Within a Species for water mates shelterspace

The constant struggle for survival is affected by short-term natural disasters. (drought, fires, floods, snowstorms, hurricanes, and tornadoes) The constant struggle for survival is also affected by long-term changes in the environment. (ice ages, biome shifts, etc)

4. Survival of the fittest Some organisms are more suited to their environment as a result of variations in the species. the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment. Fitness is a result of adaptations. Fitness: the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment. Fitness is a result of adaptations. He who spreads the most genes wins! 1st Individuals that are fit to their environment survive and leave more offspring than those who aren’t.

5. Decent with modification: Living species today are descended with modifications from common ancestral species that lived in the past. Over time, genes for less favored characteristics will be eliminated from the gene pool. Example: giraffes and their increasingly longer necks. Characteristics of fit individuals increase in a population over time.

Natural Selection: Survival of the Fittest the variation exists first. An adaptation is any inherited characteristic (a genetic variation) that can increase an organism’s chance of survival. the environment changes. a variation may give an advantage to survive environmental change. An organism does not change because of need or desire to survive. The organism either already has the variation that enables it to survive or it dies.