Plant Growth and Reproduction Modified by GA Agricultural Education Curriculum Office July 2002

I. Stages in Plant Growth A. Planting of seed B. Germination C. Emergence of seedling D. Vegetative growth E. Reproduction F. Production of seed G. Maturity H. Death or harvesting

II. Life Cycles of Plants A. Annual B. Winter Annual C. Biennial D. Perennial

III. Uses of Plants A. Cereal or Grain Crops B. Oil Seed Crops C. Forage and Pasture Crops D. Root and Tuber Crops E. Fiber Crops F. Sugar Crops G. Special Crops

IV. Plant Classification A. The two general categories of flowering plants are: 1. Monocotyledonous- includes the grasses 2. Dicotyledonous – includes the broadleaf plants B. Definitions: 1. Cotyledon – embryonic leaves that serve as food storing organs. 2. Monocotyledon – a flowering plant with one seed leaf or cotyledon 3. Dicotyledon – a flowering plant with two seed leaves or cotyledons

V. Plant Parts and Functions A. Root - anchors the plant; absorbs water and minerals and transports them to the stem; stores food produced by the above ground portion of the plant B. Stem - the above ground portion of the plant; attachment point for leaves, flowers, stems, etc.; contains water and food C. Leaf - contains organelles that photosynthesize D. Bud or Flower - reproductive organs

VI. Root Types A. Two types of roots: 1. Fibrous Root – a type of root system characterized by many branches of roots 2. Taproot – a type of root system; includes the primary root from which all other lateral/secondary roots grow

A. External Parts of the Stem: 1. Nodes – region on a stem where one or more leaves are attached 2. Internode – the region on a stem that is in between two nodes 3. Terminal Bud – located on the ends of branches or an axis 4. Auxillary Bud – located in the axil of a leaf (where the leaf attaches to the shoot) B. Internal Parts of the Stem: 1. Xylem – one component of the vascular system that transports water 2. Phloem – another component of the vascular system that transports manufacutured products VII. Plant Stems and Vascular System VII. Plant Stems and Vascular System

A. Parts of the leaf 1. Blade 2. Petiole 3. Stipule 4. Sheath 5. Ligule 6. Auricle B. Leaf types 1. Simple leaf 2. Compound leaf VIII. Leaves

VIII. Leaves (cont.) C. Leaf Functions 1. Photosynthesis – process where the plant uses sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to make “food” for growth and respiration 2. Respiration – process where plants convert sugar to energy

A. Pistil ( Female) 1. Stigma 2. Style 3. Ovary B. Stamen (Male) 1. Anther 2. Filament IX. The Parts of a Flower

A. Complete Flower – flower that has four of the major parts: sepals, petals, stamen, pistil B. Incomplete Flower – flowers that lack one or more parts of the complete flower C. Perfect Flower – has both male and female parts D. Imperfect Flower – missing one of the organs found on a perfect flower X. Terms and Definitions Associated with Flowers

XI. Sexual Reproduction A. Definitions 1. Pollination – transfer of pollen from anther to stigma 2. Fertilization – union of plant egg and sperm 3. Self Pollination – process where pollen is transferred from an anther to a stigma of the same flower or to another flower of the same plant 4. Cross Pollination – process where pollen is transferred from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower on a different plant

XI. Sexual Reproduction (cont.) B. Requirements for Sexual Reproduction 1. Formation of flower 2. Pollination 3. Fertilization 4. Development of the seed 5. Growth of seed into new plant

XII. Germination A. Stages in Seed Germination 1. Water imbibition 2. Enzyme activation 3. Hydrolysis and catabolism of storage compounds 4. Initiation of embryo growth 5. Anabolism and formation of new cell structures 6. Emergence of seedling

XIII. Asexual Propagation A. Asexual Reproduction- reproduction without seed B. Occurs naturally in some plants through: 1. Stolons – above ground stems 2. Rhizomes – underground stems C. Plants can be propagated asexually in horticulture through: 1. Cuttings 2. Budding 3. Grafting 4. Layering