M.Teshima (MPP, U-Tokyo) M.Pimenta (LIP) T.Schweizer (MPP)

High Energy Astroparticle Physics MAGIC HESS KM3Net AUGER CTA

Spectra of Cherenkov light and Fluorescence light

Photodetectors in HEAP The photodetector is currently the most important key element for all high energy astroparticle physics The photodetector is currently the most important key element for all high energy astroparticle physics Instruments in HEAP measure limited flux and rare events and require a large area or large volume with transparent material. Air, water and ice are currently used as a part of detectors. Instruments in HEAP measure limited flux and rare events and require a large area or large volume with transparent material. Air, water and ice are currently used as a part of detectors. Improvement and development of photodetectors are common interest among HEAP experiments. Improvement and development of photodetectors are common interest among HEAP experiments.

Our goal Boost the cooperation between Industries and Research Institutes in the development and optimization of photosensors (PMTS and SiPM) to meet the requirements of the future generation of Astroparticle Experiments. Boost the cooperation between Industries and Research Institutes in the development and optimization of photosensors (PMTS and SiPM) to meet the requirements of the future generation of Astroparticle Experiments. Procedures Procedures Institutes will define requirements and specifications Institutes will define requirements and specifications Industry will optimize the designs and parameters of photosensors Industry will optimize the designs and parameters of photosensors Then institutes will evaluate the several produced samples and give a feedback to Industries Then institutes will evaluate the several produced samples and give a feedback to Industries

Hamamatsu R8619 for CTA and Auger R8619 & R9420

After Pulsesa (approx. same gain) After pulse rate as a function of p.e. Timing of the after pulses

DOM read-out electronics

WP14.1 PMT developments Development of the high performance photomultipliers Development of the high performance photomultipliers 1.5 inch PMTs for CTA, Auger 1.5 inch PMTs for CTA, Auger High Q.E % High Q.E % Low after pulse rate <10-4 Low after pulse rate <10-4 Good time resolution TTS< 1.3 nsec Good time resolution TTS< 1.3 nsec 3inch PMTs for KM3Net 3inch PMTs for KM3Net High Q.E. >35% High Q.E. >35% Better time resolution TTS<2 nsec Better time resolution TTS<2 nsec Digital readout system for 20 PMTs in DOM Digital readout system for 20 PMTs in DOM

Abalone X-HPD with SiPM readout

WP14.1 PMT developments Development of 8” or 10” large size HPDs Development of 8” or 10” large size HPDs X-HPD (Light amplifier concept) with SiPM readout X-HPD (Light amplifier concept) with SiPM readout Large acceptance, good timing, inexpensive structure Large acceptance, good timing, inexpensive structure Industries Industries Electron Tube Enterprise, Hamamatsu Electron Tube Enterprise, Hamamatsu Institutions Institutions MPP, Wuppertal, UCM, NIKHEF, SPLIT, Rudjer Boskovic MPP, Wuppertal, UCM, NIKHEF, SPLIT, Rudjer Boskovic

SiPM for the tile calorimeter of ILC by Dolgoshein et al. MEPhI Single photoelectron measurement Gain ~10 6 Ubias = 30~60 V P = 50μW/mm2 Npixel ~ 1000 Insensitive to Magnetic field

Various SiPMs 10x10mm (4 pixels) ~55% PDE 3x3mm 5x5m m 6x6mm (4pixels) With MEPhI 35%PDE With Hamamatsu ~50%PDE 12x12mm (16 pixel) With MPI-HLL aim 60-70% PDE First silicon wafer 1x1mm  6x6mm

MPPC matrices (MPI+HPK) Commercial product device. Cherenkov light images from 100TeV CRs are measured with 8x8 ch camera at MPI 4x4 array of 3 x 3mm2 MPPCs (commercially av.) 8x8 array of 3 x 3mm2 MPPCs is possible

Philips Digital Photon Counter 8x8 matrix of 3mmx3mm SiPM Timing and number of hit pixels in the integration time PDE =30% at Peak ? 30% 400nm500nm300nm 20% 10% 100ps

Hiroko Miyamoto MPI für Physik UV sensitive SiPMs PDE measurement Result : Counting method Ratio of Detected PE#Photon Detection Efficiency D-SiPM MPPC MAPMT D-SiPM MPPC UBA-MAPMT SBA-PMT (calibrated)

The latest best SiPM

Optical crosstalk

Optical Crosstalk Hiroko Miyamoto MPI für Physik E.N.F. （ =Excess Noise Factor) = 1.6 -> 0.97±0.05 3x3mm 2

WP14.2 SiPM developments Development of SiPM device itself Development of SiPM device itself High PDE >50% High PDE >50% Low Dark Current << 1MHz/10mm2 Low Dark Current << 1MHz/10mm2 Low optical cross talk < a few percent Low optical cross talk < a few percent Large area and Matrix Large area and Matrix SiPM unit cell 3mm x 3mm size / 5mm x 5mm size SiPM unit cell 3mm x 3mm size / 5mm x 5mm size 8 x 8 Matrix with the bump bonding technology 8 x 8 Matrix with the bump bonding technology 25mm x 25mm size Martix, 40mm x 40mm matrix 25mm x 25mm size Martix, 40mm x 40mm matrix Implement electronics (Analogue sum / digital out) Implement electronics (Analogue sum / digital out) Industrial partners: Hamamatsu, PerkinElmer Industrial partners: Hamamatsu, PerkinElmer Institutions: MPP, LIP, Achen,, Institutions: MPP, LIP, Achen,,

WP14.3 Common test facility Common facility for the characterization of photodetectors, PMTs and SiPMs Common facility for the characterization of photodetectors, PMTs and SiPMs Reliable measurements Reliable measurements Measurement of absolute PDE Measurement of absolute PDE Standardize measurements/techniques Standardize measurements/techniques Common tool: Photodetector Workshop  WP4 Common tool: Photodetector Workshop  WP4

Summary of PHOTODETECTOR WP Responsibilities and Budget WP Institutions & IndeustriesProjectbudget WP 14.1 PMT Development 1. PMT_15MPP, Wuppertal, UCM ETE, HPK CTA Auger 150K 2. PMT_30NIKHEF, Erlangen ETE, HPK, ??? KM3Net150K 3. Large_HPDSplit, Rudjer BoskovicP-decay Neutrino 100k WP 14.2 SiPM Development 1. SiPM deviceMPP, LIP, Aachen PerkinElmer, HPK CTA, MAGIC Auger 150K 2. SiPM MatrixMPP, LIP, Aachen PerkinElmer, HPK, Philips CTA, MAGIC Auger 150K WP 14.3 Common 1. CharacterizationLIP, MPP, UCMAll projects250k 2. CoordinationLIP, MPPAll projects50k

Large size X-HPD Light Amplifier New design for the mass-production with SiPM readout and In-Cu sealing ABALONEX-HPD D.Ferenc, N.Godinovic