Part I: Research, Citations, and References

 An essay in which you:  Research a topic  present your findings  Used in university and business  You will have to write many reports  But first, we’ll learn about research, citations, and references …

 Research is how you find out the information you need to write your report.  Many sources of info, including books, newspapers, magazines, academic journals, and the internet  We will only use the internet this year  Citations and References are how you tell your readers where your information came from.

1. Primary:  original material such as letters, lab notes, diaries, etc. 2. Secondary:  magazine and newspaper articles, books, etc., that get their info largely from primary sources. 3. Tertiary:  wikis, encyclopedias, textbooks, etc., that collect and distill information from primary and secondary sources. - adapted from “Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Sources”

 History 1.Letters by Mao Zedong 2.Books about Mao Zedong’s writings 3.Wikipedia article on Mao Zedong  Psychology 1.Notes taken by a clinical psychologist 2.Magazine article about a psychological condition 3.Textbook on clinical psychology

1. Secondary sources 2. Taken from the internet 3. Websites that get their information from primary sources

 Newspapers  China Daily  New York Times  Financial Times  Magazines  Time  Beijing Review  Business Week  TV websites:  CCTV  BBC  NPR  Government websites  Reputable company websites  Academic journals All sources must be in English!

 Wikis:  Wikipedia  Wikihealth  tustclass2010.  Blogs  Forums  lists  Tertiary sources  Encyclopedias  Textbooks  Search engines  Google  Baidu  etc.

 Wikis have two problems:  They are community-based  They are tertiary sources

 Wikis, blogs, forums, lists, etc., are community-based.  That means anybody can write anything and present it as fact.  It’s like our tustclass2010 wiki: anybody can write anything!

 Too far removed from the primary sources  They are not necessarily reliable (yes, your textbooks can have errors!)  But you can use them to help your research

 Can’t use them in your report  But, you can use wikis, textbooks, encyclopedias, etc., to  Find primary and secondary sources  Give an overview of the topic  Help organize your paper

 Search engines, such as Google and Baidu, are not sources. They just help you find sources.  Search engines  have no information of their own  have no opinion on the info they’ve found for you  Primary, secondary or tertiary?  Reliable or unreliable?  You must determine the level and reliability

 You must use them, but …  Be careful, they may have bad information  Ask yourself:  Is the source reliable?  Who is writing and why?  Stick with well-known, trusted web sites

 There are several different systems for doing citations and references  The program you are in at Southern Cross University uses the Harvard system, so that’s what we’ll learn.  Other courses or programs may use other systems, so if in doubt, find out – before you write your papers.

 They are the words in parentheses after a quotation or paraphrase telling what reference you got your information from. For example: Children and adults rarely eat together now, and thus get less opportunity to talk. (Knott 2008)

 For internet sources, it’s just the surname of the author and the year from you List of References in parentheses: ( Knott 2008)  If there is no date, you just put n.d. for the date: ( Smith n.d.)  If there is no author, you just put the sponsoring organization, etc: ( Northwestern University 2006)

 Well, citations are not always that simple.  They get more complicated when there are several authors, etc., but  For right now, we’ll just do this much

 Required in academic writing  Gives your writing credibility; it means that the reader can trust you  Lets readers evaluate your credibility  Not citing sources is plagiarism.

 “Whenever you quote, paraphrase, summarize, or otherwise refer to the work of another, you are required to cite its source …”  Whenever you present something as fact:  “… 81.25% of the people in China …”  “… economic growth in China is projected to slow to about 6.5 percent this year.”  The Titanic sank on April 15, 1912.

 These are the words at the end of your report that give exact details about your sources:  Knott, C 2008, ‘Turning Meal Time into Family Time’, Obesity Treatment, viewed 23 April 2011,

(Knott 2008) Links to … Knott, C 2008, ‘Turning Meal Time into Family Time’, Obesity Treatment, viewed 23 April 2011, Which links to … Citation Reference Sources on the internet

 The reference list is at the end of your report.  In alphabetical order  Each source you cite must appear in your reference list.  Each entry in the reference list must be cited in the text at least once. List of References Knott, C 2008, ‘Turning Meal Time into Family Time’, Obesity Treatment, viewed 23 April 2011, Northwestern University 2006, ‘Obesity In Middle Age Raises Heart Disease, Diabetes Risk In Older Age’, ScienceDaily, viewed 23 April 2011,

 first date = year of publication 2008  n.d. = no publication date n.d.  viewed = the date you saw the article on the internet viewed 23 April

List as much of the following information as possible : Author/editor or compiler Year of the most recent version, Title, version number (if applicable), description of document (if applicable), name and place of the sponsor of the source, viewed Day Month Year, Knott, C 2008, ‘Turning Meal Time into Family Time’, Obesity Treatment, viewed 23 April 2011,

 Use the organization as author  If there is no date write n.d.  Note: If there is no author, no organization and no date be very careful about using this information! Northwestern University 2006, ‘Obesity In Middle Age Raises Heart Disease, Diabetes Risk In Older Age’, ScienceDaily, viewed 23 April 2011,

 Authors' names are inverted (family name first); give the family name and initials for all authors of a particular work.  Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author.

 Write one paragraph with two quotes or paraphrases from different sources.  (You can take a paragraph from your Cause and Effect essay and add citations and references.)  Make a citation for each quote, paraphrase or fact  and a List of References at the end.

Deadly Sins (-10 pts. each)  Spelling, capitalization, etc.___  TUST standards errors___  Late: -10 for each day___  accepted paragraph___ Content (20 pts.):  Statements logical and relevant___ Citations (10 pts. each)  Citation 1___  Citation 2___ References (25 pts. each)  Reference 1___  Reference 2___ Mechanics (10 pts.):  Grammar, usage, punctuation:___

 Your first lesson of next week, after the holiday:  Tuesday: classes 41 and 43  Wednesday: classes 42 and 44

 I will check your paragraph before you turn it in  If I see errors I will not accept it.  You must fix them and submit the next day along with the version(s) that were rejected.  It will be counted late  (Better 1-2 days late than lose many points for errors)  If I don’t see any errors, I will accept your paragraph. Then, and only then, should you it to me.

 accepted paragraph as a Microsoft Word document attached to an .  The subject line of your must be: Para [Class] [English Name]  Example: Para 43 Joe  to: