+ Structural engineering and How to reinforce the design of a structure to hold more weight Spring Technical English Program Санкт-Петербург, Рассия May 15, 2010 IEEE TEP Activity 1: Critical Load

+ IEEE TEP: Critical Load Communicate design objectives Learn about efficiency ratings and critical load Develop innovative design solutions Work as a team and communicate in English Objectives 2

+ Millau Viaduct Millau, France World’s Tallest Bridge 2460m long 434m pylon height 270m road height December, 2004 IEEE TEP: Critical Load Great Structures of the World 3

+ Yokohama Landmark Tower Yokohama, Japan Japan’s Tallest Office Building 296m tall 70 floors including office and hotel July, 1993 IEEE TEP: Critical Load Great Structures of the World 4

+ Beijing National Stadium – “Bird’s Nest” World’s Largest Steel Structure 258,000 square meters 5 years to construct 110,000 tons of steel used in construction 3,000,000 cubic meters Opened June, 2008 IEEE TEP: Critical Load Great Structures of the World 5

+ Crystal Cathedral Garden Grove, California, USA World’s Largest Glass Building 12 stories tall 12,000+ panes of glass 16,000-pipe organ Opened 1980 IEEE TEP: Critical Load Great Structures of the World 6

+ Skyscraper of Cards 2007 World Record Tallest House of Cards Over 7.5 meters tall No glue or tape; just cards Built by Bryan Berg in 2007 IEEE TEP: Critical Load Great Card Structures of the World 7

+ Force is placed on a structure Structure can support up to a certain force, weight At a certain point, the structure will fail, breaking The maximum force the structure can sustain before failure is known as the “Critical Load” IEEE TEP: Critical Load What is Critical Load? Force 8

+ IEEE TEP: Critical Load A high critical load is not the only parameter to consider – Is the best bridge made by filling a canyon with concrete? It certainly would have a high critical load! Consider also the weight of the structure – Lighter is better, given the same critical load These two parameters are combined in an “Efficiency Rating”: Efficiency 9

+ Groups of 2 Up to 10 cards + 1 meter tape Devise a plan to build a load bearing structure – Should have a flat top – Support load with base area of 10x10cm at least 8 cm above the table No altering of cards allowed – just tape! IEEE TEP: Critical Load Your Turn 10

+ Example: – Supports load – Load is at least 8 cm above table – Cards failed after load of 2.4kg – Structure made with 4 cards – Efficiency rating: 2.4 kg / 4 cards = 0.6 kg/card IEEE TEP: Critical Load Your Turn cm height

+ IEEE TEP: Critical Load 1.Discuss design ideas with you partner. 2.Sketch/Draw your design on paper. 3.Predict what efficiency value you will achieve; record this number. 4.Build your design; LIMIT OF 1 METER OF TAPE! 5.Use dead weight (washers/nuts) to load your design until it fails (collapses). 6.Weigh the critical load of your structure. 7.Calculate your efficiency: [Load at Failure] / [# of cards used] 8.Discuss improvements; Answer questions on worksheet in ENGLISH! Your Turn 12

+ IEEE TEP: Critical Load What was your efficiency rating? How close were you to your prediction? What made your design good or bad? What other factors would you need to take into consideration if your Card House were a real office building? … a bridge? Conclusion 13