Japan and China 1920s-1930s David P., Michael H., Rene D.L.C.

Henry Pu-Yi ( ) Pu-Yi was the last of the Manchu Emperors, succeeding to the Throne in When the Chinese revolution turned China into a republic, he was allowed to keep his title While China was in turmoil from the Canton Uprising and Second Zhili-Fengtian War, Pu-Yi escaped to Tientsin with the Japanese When Japan took over Manchuria, Pu-Yi was made emperor, although he was used as a puppet by the Japanese.

Henry Pu-Yi Cont. During World War 2, Pu-Yo considered escaping back to Japan, but once Japan surrendered, he renounced his title and gave Manchuria back to China. Pu-Yi then left to Korea to get to Japan, but Soviet troops detained him and kept him captive in Siberia until The Chinese put Pu-Yi in a management centre for war criminals along with his family and other Manchu officials.

Chiang Kai-Shek ( ) 1911-Chiang returned to China from his studies in Japan to become part of the uprising that overthrew the Qing Dynasty and establishment of the Chinese Republic. Chiang became a member of the Chinese Nationalist Party, which had been founded by Sun Yat-Sen Chiang was appointed commandant of the Whampoa Military Academy in Canton in 1924, where he built up the Nationalist Army.

Chiang Kai-Shek Cont Chiang Became leader of the Kuomintang (KMT) after Sun’s death in He spearheaded the Northern Expedition which reunified most of the China under a National Government based in Nanjing He led the suppression of the Chinese Communist Party When China had become one of the Allied Powers after Japan’s full scale invasion of China, Chiang traveled to the United States and Britain to help his global status grow

Sun Yat-Sen ( ) Sun Yat-Sen believed that the only way to save China from going backwards and getting left behind was to make China a republic and adopt western ways in industry and agriculture. Sun became a professional revolutionary and toured Europe and America to raise funds until he started a revolution in China against the Manchu’s 1898-When the revolution failed, Sun founded the League of Common Alliance

Sun Yat-Sen Cont When the Chinese Revolution had taken down the Manchu Dynasty, Sun traveled to China and was elected President of the United Provinces of China. China soon became controlled by warlords and the central government was not strong enough to fight The Chinese Communist Party was then founded In order to combat this, Sun adapted the belief of his foundation, Kuomintang, which received some help from Russia in order to better their army. More about Sun Yat-Sen :

Zhou Enlai ( ) A leading figure in the Chinese Communist Party and foreign Minister of the People’s Republic of China that played a major role in the Chinese Revolution Zhou became part of the national revolution led by Sun-Yat Sen’s National Party. Zou was appointed deputy director of the political department of the Whampoa Military Academy, which had Chiang Kai-shek as commandant

Mao Zedong ( ) Mao became a founder member of the Chinese Communist Party and set up a branch in Hunan The Kuomintang nationalist party had allied with the CCP in order to defeat the warlords who controlled much of northern China.

Mao Zedong cont The leader of the KMT, Chiang Kai-Shek, launched an anti-communist purge Mao led his followers on the “Long March” after the KMT surrounded them, forcing them to create a new base After the Communists had been victorious against the KMT, Mao proclaimed the founding of the People’s Republic of China.

Extraterritoriality "being exempted from the jurisdiction of local law" Can apply to physical places China Treaty of Nanking - Britain gained rights without Chinese benefits Other nations claimed extraterritorial rights in China

Loss of Control (Extraterritoriality) Germany and Austria-Hungary lost rights in 1917 Soviet Union gave up rights in 1924 US and UK gave up rights in 1943 Italy and Japan lost rights in WW1 Portugal gave up rights in 1946

Sphere of Influence “powerful nations intervene in the affairs of others” Western nations had a “sphere of influence” in China using opium Western nations all had a large part of China, practically governing it (mostly the ports for trade and areas surrounding) Japan had a sphere of influence in China with its occupation

Guomintang (Kuomintang) Began with Sun Yat-Sen formed Revolutionary Alliance Xinhai Revolution of 1911 Sun elected provisional president - loses to General Yuan Shih-k’ai Sun’s followers had a difficult time afterwards - accepted the overthrow but not the ideals of Sun with countryside reform.

Kuomintang cont. Yuan outlaws KMT but resigns in 3 months - died in Sun sends Chiang Kai-Shek to learn how to train soldiers in Moscow Sun died in 1925, succeeded by Chiang Militarily superior KMT unifies China in 1928 KMT has to deal with Japan, CCP and militarism while also appealing to Chinese nationalism.

May Fourth Movement During World War 1, China supported the Allies on the condition that control over the Shandong Province would be returned to China if the Allies triumphed. Although the Allies had won, China’s representatives were told to sign away rights to German-controlled Shandong Province to Japan at the Treaty of Versailles. The May Fourth Movement was a gathering of 3,000 students to protest against the Versailles Peace Conference.

May Fourth Movement Cont. The demonstrators distributed fliers, presented letters to foreign ministers, and confronted Chinese cabinet officials. When the students began to get arrested, the press demanded their release, shops began to close down, and people began boycotting Japanese goods. The Chinese government agreed to release the students and fire the cabinet officials who were part of the secret agreements with Japan. The demonstration led to a full resignation by the cabinet and the Chinese delegation at Versailles refused to sign the treaty.

First United Front Formed in 1922 as an alliance to end warlordism in China. Was made up of the Kuomintang and the CCP of China Both groups -> National Revolutionary Army.

Northern Expedition From north of Guangzhou to the Yangtze River. Purpose to remove warlords from china and unite the people. Was aided by Soviet arms and advisers as well as propaganda corps After defeating the warlords the Nationalist army turned on other nations’ consulates. Alliance between the Communists and the Nationalists broke; Communists led labor unions and captured Shanghai. At this point, the Nationalists fell apart.

Manchurian Incident Seizure of the Manchurian City or Mukden by Japan Followed by the invasion of all of Manchuria Japan felt threatened by the increasing unification of China under Chiang Kai-Shek

Manchurian Incident Cont. Sept. 18, Japan used the pretext of an explosion along the south Manchurian railway to occupy Mukden Japanese troops began to move and conquer Northern Manchuria. Japan withdraws from the League of Nations and continues to hold Manchuria till 1945

Chinese Soviet Republic Also called Kiangsi Soviet or Jiangxi Soviet Independent government formed by communist leader Mao Zedong and Zhu De In Chiang Kai-Shek launched military campaigns to eliminate Jiangxi Soviet. (repulsed by guerrilla warfare)

Chinese Soviet Republic In 1933 the CCP’s Russian oriented central committee moved its headquarters to Jiangxi and gradually took over leadership from Mao, radicalizing his land reforms. When Chiang Kai-shek launched his fifth champaign the Red Army abandoned Jiangxi and began its famous Long March.

Long March Chinese Communist Party had to flee due to the attacks from Chiang Kai-shek soldiers retreated from Jiangxi This retreat was ordered by Braun The Red army was attacked at Xiang by Chiang Kai-shek’s forces; the Red army lost men due to Braun’s poor planning. He made them march in a straight line, easy to predict After this battle, Braun was suspended and control of the Red army was given to Mao Zedong

Long March Cont. Mao, supported by Zhu De, adopted a new tactic, moving in odd and unpredictable way, moving in twisted patterns and in smaller groups. In theory this made them more susceptible to attacks, yet in practice they were more difficult to find in open spaces. Mao targeted the province of Shaanxi At the end of the march only men survived. These men marched over 9000 kilometers. The whole march took 368 days. Once they reached Yunnan they combined with Communist troops to form a force of

Xian Incident Seizure of the Nationalist Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek by two of his own generals Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng This led to the truce between the Nationalists and the Communists so as to form the United Front to repel the Japanese. Seen as the turning point for the Chinese Communist Party. Ultimately benefited the CCP once the Chinese Civil War revived after the defeat of Japan.

Marco Polo Bridge Incident (1937) National Revolutionary Army vs Imperial Japanese Army

Marco Polo Bridge Incident Prelude: Invasion of Manchuria 1931 & Creation of Manchukuo 1932 invasion and annexation of Rehe Province (1933) Marco Polo was the only link from Beijing to KMT areas in the South; if Japan owned it, Beijing would be isolated Japanese begin to do military training near Marco Polo Bridge: forced to give notice; did not in July; led to brief shots from Chinese troops. China's Hebei-Chahar Political Council says that Japan had violated China's sovereignty, refuses demands for entry. Japan breaks agreement and attempts to break through Wanping. Japan begins the attack on the bridge; ceasefire made, but both sides began to be reinforced and the Japanese began a siege Tension from the bridge incident led to war.

Nanking Massacre (1937) Started Dec. 13, 1937 during the Second Sino-Japanese War; lasted 6 weeks. Mass war crimes against civilians by Japan - murder, rape, looting; over 250, ,000 Chinese killed. Japanese also killed Chinese prisoners of war Very little reason for the massacre - continued until late January 1938 Several key Japanese officers tried for war crimes after the massacre and found guilty. Further Information at

Question 1 Who were the major leaders of the CCP? Who were the major leaders of the Nationalist party?

Question 2 What did the demonstrators of the May Fourth Movement do to accomplish their goals?

Question 3 Which nation was the last to give up any extraterritorial rights in China?

Question 4 Which event was said to have begun the total war of the Second Sino-Japanese War?

Question 5 Which leader led the attack that began the Long March? Which leader helped the CCP survive the Long March?

Sources Pu-Yi First United Front ( ) Marco Polo Bridge Incident (1937) Sun Yat-sen Northern Expedition ( ) Nanking Massacre Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) Chinese Soviet Republic Extraterritoriality Zhou Enlai Manchurian (Mukden) Incident (1931)

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