The Coming of the Second World War Pres. Roosevelt & PM Churchill on the HMS Prince of Wales 1941

Past IB Questions--Paper 2 “Wars may be started by a single incident. They are never caused by such an incident.” With refrence to any ONE twentieth century war show how far you agree with this statement. “Wars may be started by a single incident. They are never caused by such an incident.” With refrence to any ONE twentieth century war show how far you agree with this statement. How comprehensively are the characteristics of “total war” illustrated by the 2 nd World War? How comprehensively are the characteristics of “total war” illustrated by the 2 nd World War? “20 th century wars have been won by the side with the most money, men and material.” Using at least two examples, each chosen from a different region, show how far you agree with this assertion. “20 th century wars have been won by the side with the most money, men and material.” Using at least two examples, each chosen from a different region, show how far you agree with this assertion.

What were the most frequent causes of 20 th century wars? Specific evidence from at least three wars should be used. What were the most frequent causes of 20 th century wars? Specific evidence from at least three wars should be used. How and why did technological developments play an important part in 20 th century wars? How and why did technological developments play an important part in 20 th century wars? Assess the social and economic causes of one 20 th century war. Assess the social and economic causes of one 20 th century war.

Past IB Questions—Paper 3 For what reasons could it be argued that the 2 nd World War in Europe was “total war”? For what reasons could it be argued that the 2 nd World War in Europe was “total war”? In what ways, and with what results for Europe between 1939 and 1949, was the 2 nd World War a “total war”? In what ways, and with what results for Europe between 1939 and 1949, was the 2 nd World War a “total war”? With reference to the 2 nd World War in Europe, explain the main features and effects of “total war”. With reference to the 2 nd World War in Europe, explain the main features and effects of “total war”.

Prelude to War in Europe Versailles Treaty terms, particularly German reparations and “war guilt” clause Versailles Treaty terms, particularly German reparations and “war guilt” clause Nazi ideology Nazi ideology Ineffectiveness of the League of Nations in political & diplomatic matters Ineffectiveness of the League of Nations in political & diplomatic matters French began building Maginot Line 1929, long line of defensive forts promoted by General Petain French began building Maginot Line 1929, long line of defensive forts promoted by General Petain Germany withdrew from disarmament talks and from the League in 1933 Germany withdrew from disarmament talks and from the League in 1933

Germany & Poland signed 10-year non- aggression pact 1934; Germany recognized Polish borders; Poland more worried about Soviet Union than Germany Germany & Poland signed 10-year non- aggression pact 1934; Germany recognized Polish borders; Poland more worried about Soviet Union than Germany 1935 Germany announced compulsory military service and revealed existence of the Luftwaffe 1935 Germany announced compulsory military service and revealed existence of the LuftwaffeMesserschmitt ME 109

1935 Nuremburg Laws make Jews second- class citizens in Germany 1935 Nuremburg Laws make Jews second- class citizens in Germany 1935 Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance; against Nazi Germany; Hitler used it as an excuse to occupy the Rhineland 1935 Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance; against Nazi Germany; Hitler used it as an excuse to occupy the Rhineland 1936 Anti-Comintern Pact between Germany & Japan; Italy joined in Anti-Comintern Pact between Germany & Japan; Italy joined in 1937 Hitler broke the Pact when he signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact in 1939 Hitler broke the Pact when he signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact in 1939

1936 Neville Chamberlain 1936 Neville Chamberlain became PM of Great Britain; became PM of Great Britain; followed British govt. policy of nonintervention in Spanish Civil War; believed Germany had been badly mistreated after WW I, so therefore followed a policy of appeasement; signed Munich Agreement (1938) which was popular in Britain; people believed war with Hitler had been avoided of appeasement; signed Munich Agreement (1938) which was popular in Britain; people believed war with Hitler had been avoided

Germany pledged to respect Belgian neutrality 1937 Germany pledged to respect Belgian neutrality 1937 Italy joined Anti-Comintern Pact 1937 Italy joined Anti-Comintern Pact Kristalnacht against German Jews; 20,000 taken to concentration camps 1938 Kristalnacht against German Jews; 20,000 taken to concentration camps March 1939 invasion of the rest of Czechoslovakia March 1939 invasion of the rest of Czechoslovakia 1939 Japanese attack USSR from Manchuria into Siberia; USSR defeated Japanese army 1939 Japanese attack USSR from Manchuria into Siberia; USSR defeated Japanese army

Italy took over Albania 1939 Italy took over Albania 1939 Germany & Italy sign “Pact of Steel” 1939 committed both countries Germany & Italy sign “Pact of Steel” 1939 committed both countries to support each other in to support each other in case of war case of war Nazi-Soviet Non- Nazi-Soviet Non- aggression pact 1939 aggression pact 1939 Invasion of Poland; start Invasion of Poland; start of the Second World War of the Second World War in Europe in Europe

Prelude to War in Asia Japanese army believed that Chiang Kai- shek’s Northern Expedition ( ) was a threat to Japanese security Japanese army believed that Chiang Kai- shek’s Northern Expedition ( ) was a threat to Japanese security 1930 London Naval Conference; made some changes to the Washington Naval Conference; continued idea of limiting ship construction and avoiding naval race; attended by UK, USA, France, Japan, Italy 1930 London Naval Conference; made some changes to the Washington Naval Conference; continued idea of limiting ship construction and avoiding naval race; attended by UK, USA, France, Japan, Italy

Mukden Incident 1931 Japan took control of Manchuria Mukden Incident 1931 Japan took control of Manchuria Manchuria was an important industrial area; hoped Japanese would move there to alleviate population problems in Japan; also important as a defense against the Soviet Union; military goods were manufactured for the army; rice & cotton from Manchuria were used to take care of the army Manchuria was an important industrial area; hoped Japanese would move there to alleviate population problems in Japan; also important as a defense against the Soviet Union; military goods were manufactured for the army; rice & cotton from Manchuria were used to take care of the army 1932 Japanese planes bombed Shanghai WITH consent of the Japanese Emperor and Chiang Kai-shek; in response to Chinese boycott of Japanese goods; Japanese nationals in Shanghai “feared for their lives” 1932 Japanese planes bombed Shanghai WITH consent of the Japanese Emperor and Chiang Kai-shek; in response to Chinese boycott of Japanese goods; Japanese nationals in Shanghai “feared for their lives”

1932 Manchukuo 1932 Manchukuo established with Pu-yi as puppet emperor; as puppet emperor; Pu-yi as Emperor of Manchukuo

Japan withdrew from the League of Nations (1933) after the Lytton Report condemned Japanese invasion of Manchuria & demanded Japan withdraw Japan withdrew from the League of Nations (1933) after the Lytton Report condemned Japanese invasion of Manchuria & demanded Japan withdraw 1935 Second London Naval Conference; Japan withdrew when the US and UK rejected Japanese demands for equality in naval power; by 1938 all powers were constructing naval ships in violation of the naval agreements 1935 Second London Naval Conference; Japan withdrew when the US and UK rejected Japanese demands for equality in naval power; by 1938 all powers were constructing naval ships in violation of the naval agreements

Marco Polo Bridge Incident (July 1937); resulted in full-scale attack on Beijing; beginning of Second Sino-Japanese War Marco Polo Bridge Incident (July 1937); resulted in full-scale attack on Beijing; beginning of Second Sino-Japanese War

US Neutrality Several Neutrality Acts were passed in 1935, 1936 & These acts made no distinction between the victim or the aggressor. Several Neutrality Acts were passed in 1935, 1936 & These acts made no distinction between the victim or the aggressor. In 1935, all sales of arms & war material were forbidden. In 1935, all sales of arms & war material were forbidden. The US did not help Abyssinia against Mussolini due to this Act. The US did not help Abyssinia against Mussolini due to this Act.

US Neutrality After the start of the Spanish Civil War, companies sold Franco trucks, oil and other non military equipment. So… After the start of the Spanish Civil War, companies sold Franco trucks, oil and other non military equipment. So… In 1936, other types of trade was forbidden. In 1936, other types of trade was forbidden act extended previous provisions to include Civil Wars 1937 act extended previous provisions to include Civil Wars

US Neutrality FDR favored the Chinese in the their struggle against Japan FDR favored the Chinese in the their struggle against Japan British ships carried US arms to China British ships carried US arms to China FDR did not invoke the Neutrality Act, since there was no formal declaration of war between China and Japan FDR did not invoke the Neutrality Act, since there was no formal declaration of war between China and Japan

FDR’s idea became to take measures to deter aggressors FDR’s idea became to take measures to deter aggressors FDR speech in Chicago October 1937… Quarantine Speech FDR speech in Chicago October 1937… Quarantine Speech

Lend-Lease November 1939, arms trade was allowed on a “cash & carry” basis… no credit or loans. November 1939, arms trade was allowed on a “cash & carry” basis… no credit or loans. National Munitions Control Board issued licenses to import/export arms National Munitions Control Board issued licenses to import/export arms Britain began paying for supplies from the US, but by 1941 was running out of cash Britain began paying for supplies from the US, but by 1941 was running out of cash Lend-Lease Act was passed March Lend-Lease Act was passed March The US would sell, lend or give war materials to whomever they wanted to support The US would sell, lend or give war materials to whomever they wanted to support

Prelude to War US involvement 1940 US partial oil embargo; shortage led to Japanese decision to take over Indonesia & plan attack on US 1940 US partial oil embargo; shortage led to Japanese decision to take over Indonesia & plan attack on US Japanese invasion of northern IndoChina Japanese invasion of northern IndoChina 1940 Tripartite Pact with Germany & Italy 1940 Tripartite Pact with Germany & Italy 1941 Neutrality Pact with USSR 1941 Neutrality Pact with USSR July 1941 US full oil embargo and freeze of Japanese assets July 1941 US full oil embargo and freeze of Japanese assets

Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor Dec brought US into World War II Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor Dec brought US into World War II

Second World War as Total War Characteristics of Total War Characteristics of Total War Importance of homefront Importance of homefront economy geared to war; rationing economy geared to war; rationing civilians in war related jobs civilians in war related jobs increased role for women increased role for women censorship & propaganda to keep censorship & propaganda to keep morale high morale high Attacks on civilians… bombing cities Attacks on civilians… bombing cities New and more destructive technology New and more destructive technology Blockades Blockades

Bibliography Pictures Pictures ,_Flugzeug_Messerschmitt_Me_109.jpg ,_Flugzeug_Messerschmitt_Me_109.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I ,_Flugzeug_Messerschmitt_Me_109.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I ,_Flugzeug_Messerschmitt_Me_109.jpg Text Text