Discovering Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Chapter Objectives  Know how humans tried to fly in ancient times.  Know key aviation devices created during ancient times.  Know why machines do not fly the way birds do.

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Chapter Overview  Discovering Flight  The Early Days of Flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Lesson Overview  How humans tried to fly in ancient times  Key aviation devices created during ancient times  Why machines do not fly the way birds do

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Pair Share Why do you think the idea of flight is so appealing to people? Does it appeal to you? Why?

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 (M1) Who was at the controls for the first controlled, sustained, and powered heavier-than-air flight?

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 (M1) Who was at the controls for the first controlled, sustained, and powered heavier-than-air flight? Orville Wright

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 How Humans Tried to Fly in Ancient Times Courtesy of AKG Images

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Flight in Ancient Times  Humans have dreamed of taking flight for thousands of years  (DDI 1) Flight  (DDI 1) Flight is the act of passing through the air on wings  People told tales about flight around the fire at night and handed down these stories to their children

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Daedalus and Icarus  One of the best known is the Greek story of Daedalus and his son, Icarus Courtesy of the Granger Collection, New York  (M3) Imprisoned by King Minos, on the island of Crete  In order to escape Daedalus made wings from bird feathers and beeswax  (M2) Daedalus told Icarus not to fly too close to the sun  Icarus ignored the warning, flew too close, his wings melted and he crashed into the sea and drowned

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 (FIB 1) In the ancient Greek story, Icarus ignored his father’s warning and flew too close to the ___. He fell into the ___ and _______.

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 (FIB 1) In the ancient Greek story, Icarus ignored his father’s warning and flew too close to the Sun. He fell into the sea and drowned.

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 First True Stories of Human Attempts to Fly  Some early inventors made devices of lightweight material in imitation of birds’ or bats’ wings  They strapped the devices onto their arms or legs, and then they would jump from the top of a tower  Unfortunately, none of the devices succeeded

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Armen Firman  (M4) A Moor named Armen Firman made the first known human attempt to fly  He put on a huge cloak and jumped from a tower in Cordoba, Spain  He hoped the cloak would open wide like a bat’s wings to slow him on the way down  But it didn’t, and Firman fell to his death

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Armen Firman  (FIB 2) His unfortunate experiment might be described as an early attempt at a jump by parachute parachute  (DDI 2) A parachute is a device intended to slow free fall from an aircraft or another high point Courtesy of Clipart.com

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Key Aviation Devices From Ancient Times Courtesy of NASA

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Chinese Kites  (FIB 3) The Chinese invented the kite around 1000 BC – kites were among one of the first man-made devices to take flight kite  (DDI 3) A kite is a light framework covered with paper or cloth, provided with a balancing tail, designed to be flown in the air  Within a few hundred years, people were using kites in warfare  (M5) Gen. Han Hsin used kites to scout enemy positions  (M6) Marco Polo reportedly saw Chinese sailors attached to kites as “eyes in the sky” observing enemy actions during battle

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 KitesKites (T/F 2) _____ The Chinese invented kites around 1000 BC but they were too small and flimsy to be of much practical use except as toys.

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 KitesKites (T/F 2) False The Chinese invented kites around 1000 BC but they were too small and flimsy to be of much practical use except as toys.

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Chinese Gunpowder  In the eight hundreds, the Chinese made another important invention: gunpowder  (DDI 4) Gunpowder  (DDI 4) Gunpowder is an explosive powder made of potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur, used to shoot projectiles from guns  200 years later, the Chinese used gunpowder to make the first simple rockets

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Chinese Rockets rocket  A (DDI 5) rocket is a large, cylindrical object that moves very fast by forcing burning gases out one end of the tube  (FIB 4) The Chinese used these devices mostly for celebrations, such as holiday fireworks  (FIB 4) But they also used their rockets in battle to scare off the enemy

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Man in the Moon  There’s even a Chinese (DDI 6) legend - an unverified story handed down from earlier times - about a rocket trip into space  According to the legend a man named Wan Hoo fastened 47 rockets to a chair with the idea that they would take him to the moon Courtesy of NASA Marshall Space Flight Center

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Man in the Moon  The legend goes on to say that he went up in a (FIB 5) ball of fire and perhaps became the man in the moon. Courtesy of NASA Marshall Space Flight Center

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Wan Hoo (T/F 3) _____ Legend credits a Chinese named Wan Hoo with an attempt to fly to the moon, using 47 rockets fastened to a chair.

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Wan Hoo (T/F 3) _True Legend credits a Chinese named Wan Hoo with an attempt to fly to the moon, using 47 rockets fastened to a chair.

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Leonardo da Vinci  (M7) The first person in the history of aviation who was also a real scientist was Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519)  (FIB 7) Like other scientists he observed the world closely and kept good records  Unfortunately his records were put away in a library and not seen for over 300 years Courtesy of the Library of Congress

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Leonardo da Vinci (T/F 5) _____ The publication of Leonardo’s notebooks advanced aviation during the Renaissance.

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Leonardo da Vinci (T/F 5) False The publication of Leonardo’s notebooks advanced aviation during the Renaissance.

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 A Parachute and A Helicopter  Da Vinci produced the first known designs for a parachute and a helicopter helicopter  (DDI 7) A helicopter is an aircraft that gets its lift from spinning blades  (FIB 6) Da Vinci’s drawing of an “aerial screw” looks a lot like a modern helicopter

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 (T/F 4) _____ The Chinese designed the first known helicopter.

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 (T/F 4) False The Chinese designed the first known helicopter.

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 A Parachute and A Helicopter  What’s more, today’s parachutes are based on principles first described by da Vinci  He wrote that his invention would allow someone to “throw himself down from any height without sustaining any injury”

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 GlidersGliders  Da Vinci also researched the idea of a glider glider  (DDI 9) A glider is a light aircraft without an engine, designed to glide after being towed aloft or launched from a catapult  (FIB 8) Gliders were the first aircraft that had directional control streamlining  They also incorporated da Vinci’s concept of (DDI 8) streamlining – designing an aircraft to reduce resistance to motion through the air

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 OrnithoptersOrnithopters  (FIB 9) Da Vinci was fascinated with birds and experimented with flapping-wing machines  (FIB 10) Birds are very powerful for their size. Their large wing muscles and hollow bones make them well suited to flight

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 (T/F 6) _____ Birds are able to fly in part because they are very powerful for their size.

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 (T/F 6) _True Birds are able to fly in part because they are very powerful for their size.

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 OrnithoptersOrnithopters ornithopter  He worked out designs for ornithopters - (DDI 10) An ornithopter is an aircraft designed to get its support and forward motion from flapping wings  Unfortunately this wasn’t going to work – (M8) Alfonso Borelli, an Italian biologist realized that human muscle power would never enable a person to fly on their on

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 OrnithoptersOrnithopters Courtesy of the Granger Collection, New York

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Why Machines Do Not Fly the Way Birds Do Courtesy of Comstock Images

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Principles of Bird Flight  A bird’s flight is similar to an airplane’s in some ways and different in others  There are two phases of bird flight:  A ground phase – allows the bird to get started moving forward in order for the wings to provide the necessary lift

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Principles of Bird Flight  And a lift phase – flapping moves the bird forward. Most of the flapping is done by the outer wing. The flight feathers work like the propeller of a plane, they push downward and backward, driving the air backward and moving the bird forward.

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 (T/F 7) _____ A bird’s flight is similar to an airplane’s in some ways but different in others.

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 (T/F 7) _True A bird’s flight is similar to an airplane’s in some ways but different in others.

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Birds’ Wings  Wing feathers are arranged much like shingles on a roof  They change position when the bird is flapping  On the downbeat of the wing, the feathers are pressed together so little air can pass through them  On the up stroke the feathers open

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Daniel Bernoulli  (M9) The Dutch-born scientist Daniel Bernoulli (1700– 1782) discovered that a fluid has a constant pressure, but when a fluid starts to move faster, the pressure drops Taken from wikipedia.com

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Bernoullian Lift  Wings are designed to make air flow faster over their tops—this makes the pressure drop and the wings move upward, defying the force of gravity  This phenomenon is known as Bernoullian lift or induced lift

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 (T/F 8) _____ The phenomenon know Bernoullian lift helps aircraft wings move upward.

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 (T/F 8) _True The phenomenon know Bernoullian lift helps aircraft wings move upward.

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Sir Isaac Newton  (M10) The Englishman Sir Isaac Newton ( ) formulated three famous laws of motion based on observations of the world around him Taken from wikipedia.com

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Sir Isaac Newton 1. A body continues in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless an unbalanced force acts on it. Taken from wikipedia.com

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Sir Isaac Newton  2. The acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the force exerted on the body, is inversely proportional to the mass of the body, and is in the same direction as the force. Taken from wikipedia.com

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Sir Isaac Newton a.When you hit something it picks up speed b.The heavier the object is, the less rapidly it picks up speed. c.The object picks up speed and continues to move in the same direction from which you hit it. Taken from wikipedia.com

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Newtonian Lift  The third law states, “For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction”  For example, when a pilot angles the wing of the plane up against the oncoming wind, the action of the wind causes a reaction by the wing  This reaction provides some additional lift, known as Newtonian or dynamic lift

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 (T/F 9) _____ Sir Isaac Newton formulated his three laws of motion after many experiments with early hang gliders.

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 (T/F 9) False Sir Isaac Newton formulated his three laws of motion after many experiments with early hang gliders.

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Why Some Ancient Inventors Tried to Mimic Bird Flight  At the beginning of aviation history, flapping wings seemed to be what flight was all about  People observed birds, bats, and insects flying this way  Some early inventors thought feathers might possess some lifting power of their own

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Why Some Ancient Inventors Tried to Mimic Bird Flight  And even a thinker as brilliant as da Vinci got stuck on birds as the model for human flight  (T/F 10) Only when people stopped trying to fly as birds do did the way open for the Wright brothers’ success on the North Carolina dunes

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 ReviewReview  Humans have dreamed of taking flight for thousands of years  Some early inventors made devices of lightweight material such as cloth or wood, in imitation of birds’ or bats’ wings  The Chinese invented the kite around 1000 BC  They also invented gunpowder and rockets

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 ReviewReview  Leonardo da Vinci produced the first known designs for a parachute and a helicopter  Da Vinci also researched the idea of a glider and some designs for ornithopters  There are two phases of bird flight— a ground phase and a lift phase

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 ReviewReview  Wings are designed to make air flow faster over their tops  This makes the pressure drop and the wings move upward, defying the force of gravity—this is known as Bernoullian lift or induced lift  Newton’s third law of motion states, “For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction”  This reaction provides some additional lift, known as Newtonian or dynamic lift

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 ReviewReview  By now you’re beginning to understand that birds and airplanes don’t work exactly alike: Airplanes are fixed-wing aircraft and rely on their propellers to get them off the ground

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 SummarySummary  How humans tried to fly in ancient times  Key aviation devices created during ancient times  Why machines do not fly the way birds do

Chapter 1, Lesson 1 Next….Next….  Done— discovering flight  Next—the early days of flight Courtesy of Bettman/Corbis