The Last Review! Independence Movements and the Contemporary World

Independence Movements: India, the Middle East, and Africa

Evolution of the Indian Independence Movement Right to Self- determination (U.N. Charter) British rule India World War II weakened colonial rule Mohandas Gandhi – Began a movement for independence in 1920

Decolonization in India British policies and the demand for self-rule led to the rise of the Indian independence movement Indian Sub-continent – British India India Pakistan (former West Pakistan) Bangladesh (former East Pakistan) Sri Lanka (former Ceylon)

Gandhi Nonviolence Civil disobedience and passive resistance Used to gain independence from Britain Gandhi hated the split of Hindus and Muslims in India How does nonviolence work? Influence on MLK Jr.

Map showing the creation of Pakistan and Bangladesh

Modern India Jawaharlal Nehru - a close associate of Gandhi, supported western style industrialization 1950 Constitution sought to prohibit caste discrimination Ethnic and religious differences caused problems in the development of India as a democratic nation Ex. Dispute over Kashmir New economic development has helped to ease financial problems of the nation

Modern India Indira Gandhi Brought India closer to the Soviet Union during the Cold War Developed nuclear weapons (Pakistan also developed nuclear weapons) Today – religious and ethnic violence threatens nuclear war Also assassinated

INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST Recall: League of Nations Mandate System British Mandates French Mandates

Independence in the Middle East Mandates created after WWI phased out following WWII Middle East conflicts created by religious differences Which countries on this map were French mandates? British mandates? What is the dominate religion is this region?

Creation of Israel  Arab-Israeli Conflict Palestinians vs. Jews Golda Meir – Israeli prime minister – backed by U.S. Yom Kippur War (1973) – Arabs attack Israel – Israel wins with U.S. help Today – Arab-Israeli conflict is a huge source of ethnic tension in the world – terrorism! Gamel Abdal Nasser Egyptian leader – backed by U.S.S.R. Decolonization in Middle East ArabsIsraelis

Creation of Israel Balfour Declaration – Europe, guilty over the Holocaust, created the new state of Israel out of the former British mandate of Palestine Created conflict between Jews (Israelis) and Muslims (Palestinians Arab-Israeli conflict

Israeli Leadership Golda Meir Prime Minister of Israel After initial setbacks, led Israel to victory in the Yom Kippur War in 1973 Brought Israel closer to the United States

Middle East Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria invaded Israel on May 14, 1948 – Israel won Egypt had a military coup led by Gamel Abdel Nasser, backed by U.S.S.R. – Aswan High Dam – Egypt takes over the Suez Canal 1956 Suez Canal – Support from Europe, Israel retakes the Suez Canal

Gamal Abdul Nasser President of Egypt Nationalized Suez Canal Established relationship with Soviet Union Built the Aswan High Dam

Arab-Israeli Conflict Today Arabs want – Israel gone, no more Jewish settlements, rights for Palestinians in Israel Israelis want – end to suicide bombings, continuation of Jewish settlements in controversial locations in Israel, control over Israel

INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS IN AFRICA Recall: Imperialism European Powers scramble for Africa Division of the continent about European Imperial Powers

Africa under European Powers

Independence of Africa Peaceful and violent revolutions after WWII Pride in African cultures and heritage Resentment toward imperial rule and economic exploitation Loss of colonies by Great Britain, France, Belgium, and Portugal Influence of superpower rivalry during the Cold War

Decolonization of Africa Algeria fought a war for independence from France. Kenya: Violent struggle under leadership of Jomo Kenyatta.

South Africa Black South Africans struggle against the apartheid Apartheid: complete separation of races Minority group rules the majority

African National Congress Nelson Mandela – Leader of the movement Desmond Tutu – Anglican Archbishop Foreign nations apply pressure

End of the Apartheid F.W. de Klerk moved S. Africa towards change

Problems facing Africa Hutu majority slaughtering the Tutsi minority in Rwanda 1 million Tutsi murdered AIDS epidemic Migration of refugees, ethnic and religious conflicts Vastness of Africa Tribal wars over culture- Trouble with nationalism

Contemporary Issues for Developed and Developing Nations

Economic Interdependence The countries of the world are increasingly dependent on each other for raw materials, markets, and financial resources, although there is still a difference between the developed and developing nations. Developed v Developing Nations

Contrasts between developed and developing nations CharacteristicDefinitionIn a Developed Country it is.. In a Developing Country it is.. GDP (per capita)How much a country produces in one year (per capita means per person) HighLow % of population living in an urban area % of people living in citiesHighLow Population growth rate % of population growth each year LowHigh Literacy Rate% of people who can read/write HighLow Life expectancyAverage length person lives (requires good health care) HighLow

Developed or Developing? % Urban 27/1000 live births Infant Mortality Rate 2.4% Rate of Natural Increase $4,900 GDP Per Capita $430 million Imports to $290 million exports Developed or Developing? % Urban 1.2% Rate of Natural Increase 32/1000 live births Infant Mortality Rate $7,600 GDP Per Capita $59.4 billion exports to $46.2 billion imports Developed or Developing?

% Urban 0.1% Rate of Natural Increase 4/1000 live births Infant Mortality Rate $26,200 GDP Per Capita $40.1 billion exports to $31.8 billion imports Developed or Developing? % Urban 0.5% Rate of Natural Increase 5/1000 Live Births Infant Mortality Rate $27,000 GDP Per Capita $68 billion imports to $66.3 billion exports Developed or Developing?

Answers 1.Belize is developing 2. Brazil is developing, but more developed than Belize 3. Finland is developed 4. Australia is developed

Developed and developing nations face many challenges. These include migrations, ethnic and religious conflicts, and the impact of new technologies. 1.Migrations of Refugees and others 2.Ethnic and religious conflicts 3.Impact of new technologies

1. Guest Workers and Refugees Guest Workers …someone from a non- industrialized country who moves to an industrialized country for a paying job Ex. Turks in Germany Migrations of “guest workers” to European cities “Guest workers” leads to prejudiced anti-immigration political action Refugees ….someone who flees from a violent conflict Refugees are an issue in international conflicts – why? Example of the refugee crisis: Sudan.

2. Ethnic and Religious conflicts Middle East – Arab- Israeli Conflict Northern Ireland – Protestants vs. Catholics Balkans – ethnic cleansing Africa – genocide in Rwanda and Sudan Asia – genocide in Cambodia, Tamil Tigers Ethnic and religious conflicts lead to terrorism and genocide

3. Impact of New Technologies Widespread but unequal access to computers and instantaneous communications Genetic engineering and bioethics

Social Challenges facing developing nations Poverty Poor Health Illiteracy Famine Migration Without a thriving economy, people have unequal access to health care, education, food, shelter

Globalization As the world acquires better technology, the world shrinks and relies on each other more frequently than ever before Role of rapid transportation, communication, and computer networks Rise and influence of multinational corporations Changing role of international boundaries Back to economic interdependence

European Union – an example of economic, regional integration European Union (1995) – most of Europe combined their economies Designed to compete economically with U.S. and Asia Largest economy in the world No tariffs between European countries  regional integration The Euro!

Free Trade = Economic Interdependence Trade Agreements – North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) – U.S., Mexico, and Canada agree to free trade (NO TARIFFS) – World Trade Organization (WTO) – governs international trade, keeps it free International organizations – International Monetary Fund (IMF) – loans money to developing countries

Environment: What economic factors affect the environment? 1. Economic development – the more economic development you have in your country, the higher the impact on the environment 2. Rapid population growth – the more people you have in a smaller space, the higher the impact on the environment Environmental Impacts Pollution Loss of Habitat Ozone depletion Global Warming

Terrorism Both developed and developing nations of the world have problems that are brought about by inequities in their social, cultural, and economic systems. Some individuals choose to deal with these unequal conditions through the use of terrorist activities. Terrorism is the use of violence and threats to intimidate and coerce for political reasons. A major cause of terrorism is religious extremism. Examples of international terrorism Munich Olympics Terrorist attacks in the United States (e.g., 9/11/2001) motivated by extremism (Osama bin Laden). Car bombings Suicide bombers Airline hijackers

Government Response to International Terrorism Surveillance Airport SecurityIdentification badges and photos Review of Privacy Rights

World Organizations, Associations, and Unions…oh my! Let’s Review

Descriptions 1.Economic organization that benefits both trade and politics in Europe; common currency, the Euro 2.Created after World War II it was created to prevent or solve conflicts 3.Gives loans to developing nations to build roads, bridges, and industry 4.Promotes free trade/trade agreements between countries 5.Free trade (no tariffs) between U.S. Mexico, and Canada) 6.Military alliance formed to fight communists after World War II (the former Warsaw Pact countries join in the 1990s).

Answers 1.EU: European Union 2.UN: United Nations 3.IMF: International Monetary Fund 4.WTO: World Trade Organization 5.NAFTA: North America Free Trade Agreement 6.NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization