Human Reproduction ♀ ♂

Let’s Talk About Sex (Organs, that is!)

Both sexes have reproductive organs called GENITALS or GENITALIA designed for the purpose of intercourse and conception. Both sexes have reproductive organs called GENITALS or GENITALIA designed for the purpose of intercourse and conception.

What is puberty? It is the time when our bodies change from a child’s body to an adult body. It is the time when our bodies change from a child’s body to an adult body. Girls – Start to release eggs Boys – Start to make sperm cell

What is puberty? These are the cells that are necessary to make a new human. These are the cells that are necessary to make a new human.

When do changes happen? Anywhere between 8 and 17 years old? Anywhere between 8 and 17 years old? Most people begin between the ages of 10 and 14 Most people begin between the ages of 10 and 14 When you start makes no difference to how you develop. When you start makes no difference to how you develop. No age is better than any other one. No age is better than any other one. For some most changes happen in a few years For some most changes happen in a few years For some changes happen slowly over lots of years. For some changes happen slowly over lots of years.

Girls Get taller and heavier Get taller and heavier Hips get wider and more curvy Hips get wider and more curvy Face changes shape Face changes shape Oily skin and hair, pimples Oily skin and hair, pimples Voices get a little deeper Voices get a little deeper Hair grows under the armpits and around the genitals Hair grows under the armpits and around the genitals Hair on arms and legs grows darker Hair on arms and legs grows darker Breasts and nipples get larger Breasts and nipples get larger Body sweats more Body sweats more Internal and external sex organs grow Internal and external sex organs grow May have mood swings, sexual thoughts and feelings. May have mood swings, sexual thoughts and feelings. Boys Get taller and heavier Get taller and heavier Nose and jaw get bigger Nose and jaw get bigger Face gets longer Face gets longer Get more muscles Get more muscles Oily skin and hair, pimples Oily skin and hair, pimples Body sweats more Body sweats more Hair grows on the face, under armpits, around the genitals Hair grows on the face, under armpits, around the genitals May get more hair on arms, legs and chest May get more hair on arms, legs and chest Voice gets deeper Voice gets deeper Penis and testicles grow, scrotum changes Penis and testicles grow, scrotum changes May have mood swings, sexual thoughts and feelings May have mood swings, sexual thoughts and feelings

What causes these changes? Hormones – chemical messengers that travel the blood stream from the place where they are made to the place where they do their work. Hormones – chemical messengers that travel the blood stream from the place where they are made to the place where they do their work. Each hormone has a specific job Each hormone has a specific job Both girls and boys make the same sex hormones. The main ones are testosterone and estrogen. Both girls and boys make the same sex hormones. The main ones are testosterone and estrogen. Boys make lots of testosterone, and not so much estrogen. Boys make lots of testosterone, and not so much estrogen. Girls make lots of estrogen, not so much testosterone. Girls make lots of estrogen, not so much testosterone.

Daily Checklist for a Changing Body Shower daily Shower daily Use deodorant or anti-perspirant on the underarms Use deodorant or anti-perspirant on the underarms Wash face daily to help prevent acne Wash face daily to help prevent acne Brush teeth twice per day Brush teeth twice per day Use shampoo on your hair to prevent oilyness Use shampoo on your hair to prevent oilyness Eat a well balanced diet Eat a well balanced diet Get plenty of exercise. Get plenty of exercise.

Female Reproductive System Female reproductive organs are for intercourse, reproduction, urination pregnancy and childbirth.

Internal Female Anatomy— click on button for more information Click here when completely finished

Front View Click here

Ovary (Ovaries) Two solid egg-shaped structures Two solid egg-shaped structures They are attached to the uterus by ligaments. They are the counterpart of the male testicles. They are attached to the uterus by ligaments. They are the counterpart of the male testicles. Ovaries have two main functions: Ovaries have two main functions: #1-store and release the ova or female egg cell. Some of the ova disappear; others are dormant until each is ripened and released after puberty. #1-store and release the ova or female egg cell. Some of the ova disappear; others are dormant until each is ripened and released after puberty. #2-produce female sex hormones ESTROGEN and PROGESTERONE Click here

Ova The female reproductive cell. The female reproductive cell. They are the largest cells in the female body. (about the size of a grain of sand.) They are the largest cells in the female body. (about the size of a grain of sand.) The female baby is born with all the ova she will ever have (about 200,000 in each ovary). The female baby is born with all the ova she will ever have (about 200,000 in each ovary). About ova mature and are released over a lifetime About ova mature and are released over a lifetime Click here

Estrogen Estrogen is responsible for the secondary sex characteristics and the sex drive in females. It spurs the onset of puberty and is responsible for OVULATION. Estrogen is responsible for the secondary sex characteristics and the sex drive in females. It spurs the onset of puberty and is responsible for OVULATION. Click here

Progesterone Progesterone builds up the lining of the uterus called the endometrium in preparation for the fertilized ovum Progesterone builds up the lining of the uterus called the endometrium in preparation for the fertilized ovum Click here

Ovulation When the egg is released from the ovary. When the egg is released from the ovary. At the age of puberty At the age of puberty The ovum moves to the surface of the ovary in bursts out The ovum moves to the surface of the ovary in bursts out The ova falls into the fallopian tube and waits for fertilization The ova falls into the fallopian tube and waits for fertilization This happens every 28 days This happens every 28 days It happens at about the 14 th day of the cycle It happens at about the 14 th day of the cycle Click here

FALLOPIAN TUBES (oviducts) Two tubes attached on either side of the uterus. Two tubes attached on either side of the uterus. They are about four inches long and 3/16 inch in diameter (the size of a cooked spaghetti noodle). They are about four inches long and 3/16 inch in diameter (the size of a cooked spaghetti noodle). The oviducts carry egg cells toward the uterus and sperm cells toward the egg cell. The oviducts carry egg cells toward the uterus and sperm cells toward the egg cell. Fertilization takes place in the upper third of the oviduct. Fertilization takes place in the upper third of the oviduct. Click here

Uterus A hollow, muscular organ ( shaped somewhat like an upside- down pear, about the size of a fist). A hollow, muscular organ ( shaped somewhat like an upside- down pear, about the size of a fist). The uterus is lined with endometrium (a blood lining.) The uterus is lined with endometrium (a blood lining.) The uterus has one main function—to protect and nourish a fetus The uterus has one main function—to protect and nourish a fetus The walls of the uterus have the ability to stretch to the size of a small watermelon. The walls of the uterus have the ability to stretch to the size of a small watermelon. After childbirth the uterus shrinks back to the original shape in 6-8 weeks, but it can take up to nine months for the uterus to fully recover. After childbirth the uterus shrinks back to the original shape in 6-8 weeks, but it can take up to nine months for the uterus to fully recover. Click here

Cervix The neck or opening of the uterus. The neck or opening of the uterus. A normal healthy cervix is the strongest muscle in the body. A normal healthy cervix is the strongest muscle in the body. It dips down about half an inch into the vagina. It dips down about half an inch into the vagina. It is normally plugged by mucus. It stays tightly closed during pregnancy, but thins and opens for the delivery of the baby. It is normally plugged by mucus. It stays tightly closed during pregnancy, but thins and opens for the delivery of the baby. How big does it need to dilate to for birth? How big does it need to dilate to for birth? Click here

Vagina Female organ used for intercourse, it is an empty passageway leading from the vaginal opening to the uterus. Female organ used for intercourse, it is an empty passageway leading from the vaginal opening to the uterus. It is only 3-4 inches long, but will lengthen during arousal. It is only 3-4 inches long, but will lengthen during arousal. The vaginal walls are made of many small folds of membrane that stretch greatly to accommodate a baby during birth. The vaginal walls are made of many small folds of membrane that stretch greatly to accommodate a baby during birth. The vaginal wall also secrete a fluid that helps to make intercourse easier. The vaginal wall also secrete a fluid that helps to make intercourse easier. Click here

Urethra The opening to the bladder The opening to the bladder Click here

Clitoris A small, pea shaped bump at the front of the labia. A small, pea shaped bump at the front of the labia. It contains a small amount of erectile tissue. It contains a small amount of erectile tissue. The clitoris increases sexual pleasure The clitoris increases sexual pleasure Click here

Woman’s Cycle Day 1 – Menstruation begins (bleeding) Day 1 – Menstruation begins (bleeding) Day 5 – Menstruation is usually ended Day 5 – Menstruation is usually ended Day 14 – Ovum has matured and bursts out of Day 14 – Ovum has matured and bursts out of the ovary the ovary Day 15 – After 24 hours the egg is done Day 15 – After 24 hours the egg is done Day 26 – In the absence of fertilization, Day 26 – In the absence of fertilization, estrogen/progesterone levels drop estrogen/progesterone levels drop and the endometrium lining breads and the endometrium lining breads down down Day 28 – Menstruation begins again. Day 28 – Menstruation begins again. Click here

TIME LINE: Ages 9-12 Ages 9-12 Secondary sex characteristics appear Secondary sex characteristics appear Ages Ages Menstrual cycle begins Menstrual cycle begins Late 20-30's Late 20-30's Peak sexual urges Peak sexual urges Ages Ages Menopause (cycle stops, but sex urge continues) Menopause (cycle stops, but sex urge continues) Click here

Male Reproductive System Male reproductive organs are for intercourse, reproduction and urination Male reproductive organs are for intercourse, reproduction and urination

Male Anatomy Click on a button for more information Click here when completely finished

Scrotum A sac-like pouch located behind the penis that holds each testes and helps regulate temperature for sperm production. A sac-like pouch located behind the penis that holds each testes and helps regulate temperature for sperm production. Click here

Testicles or Testes The two testes are small organs that lie in the scrotum and produce sperm and the male hormone testosterone. The two testes are small organs that lie in the scrotum and produce sperm and the male hormone testosterone. The testicles are the male sex gland. The testicles are the male sex gland. The testicles are outside the body because the male sperm that is manufactured in the testes need cooler- than-body temperature for normal growth and development. The testicles are outside the body because the male sperm that is manufactured in the testes need cooler- than-body temperature for normal growth and development. They are the counterpart to the female ovary. They are the counterpart to the female ovary. Loss of one does not impair the function of the other. Loss of one does not impair the function of the other. Four to five billion sperm cells are produced each month. Four to five billion sperm cells are produced each month. Click here

Testoterone the male reproductive hormone made by the testicles which causes the changes of puberty. the male reproductive hormone made by the testicles which causes the changes of puberty. This hormone causes secondary sex characteristics, production of sperm and sexual urge. This hormone causes secondary sex characteristics, production of sperm and sexual urge. It is produced in the testicles and enters the bloodstream at a fairly constant rate. It is produced in the testicles and enters the bloodstream at a fairly constant rate. Click here

Sperm The microscopic cells produced by the male's testicles which can fertilize the female's ovum. The microscopic cells produced by the male's testicles which can fertilize the female's ovum. They are tiny, living cells 100 times smaller than a pencil dot. (the smallest cell in a mans body They are tiny, living cells 100 times smaller than a pencil dot. (the smallest cell in a mans body Enough sperm would fit on the head of a pin to re-populate the earth if each sperm fertilized an egg. Enough sperm would fit on the head of a pin to re-populate the earth if each sperm fertilized an egg. It is destroyed by warm body temperature, acidic environment. It is destroyed by warm body temperature, acidic environment. It can survive in a women’s body for 5-8 days. It can survive in a women’s body for 5-8 days. Any sperm not ejaculated are passed in the urine. Any sperm not ejaculated are passed in the urine. Click here

Epididymis the structure that forms a mass over the back and upper part of each testes. the structure that forms a mass over the back and upper part of each testes. Sperm are stored there for as long as six weeks while they ripen to maturity. Sperm are stored there for as long as six weeks while they ripen to maturity. Click here

Cowpers Gland two small pea-sized glands located beneath the prostate gland on both sides of the base of the penis. two small pea-sized glands located beneath the prostate gland on both sides of the base of the penis. They secrete a clear, sticky fluid that helps to neutralize the acidity of the urethra. They secrete a clear, sticky fluid that helps to neutralize the acidity of the urethra. ClickClick here

Vas Deferens two long, thin tubes that serve as a passageway for sperm and a place for sperm storage. two long, thin tubes that serve as a passageway for sperm and a place for sperm storage. The contraction of the vas deferens along with the action of the cilia help transport the sperm through the vas deferens. The contraction of the vas deferens along with the action of the cilia help transport the sperm through the vas deferens. Click here

Seminal Vesicles two small glands that secrete a fluid that nourishes and enables the sperm to move. two small glands that secrete a fluid that nourishes and enables the sperm to move. Click here

Prostate Gland surround the urethra beneath the bladder. The gland secretes an alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acid found in the male urethra and the female reproductive tract. surround the urethra beneath the bladder. The gland secretes an alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acid found in the male urethra and the female reproductive tract. Without the action of the secretions of the prostate gland, many sperm would die and fertilization of an ovum would be impossible. Without the action of the secretions of the prostate gland, many sperm would die and fertilization of an ovum would be impossible. Click here

Urethra A dual purpose tube that both semen and urine pass through to leave the body. Semen and urine never mix. A dual purpose tube that both semen and urine pass through to leave the body. Semen and urine never mix. Special muscles or sphincters surround the urethra. Special muscles or sphincters surround the urethra. During urination, one sphincter will relax so that the pressure from the bladder will push urine out from the body. During urination, one sphincter will relax so that the pressure from the bladder will push urine out from the body. During ejaculation, another sphincter will relax so that semen can flow through the urethra to the outside of the body. During ejaculation, another sphincter will relax so that semen can flow through the urethra to the outside of the body. Click here

Penis The male organ for sexual intercourse, reproduction, and urination. The male organ for sexual intercourse, reproduction, and urination. The reproductive purpose of the penis is to deposit semen in the vagina during sexual intercourse. The reproductive purpose of the penis is to deposit semen in the vagina during sexual intercourse. The head of the penis or glans contains many nerve endings. At birth the glans is covered by a loosely fitting skin called the foreskin. The head of the penis or glans contains many nerve endings. At birth the glans is covered by a loosely fitting skin called the foreskin. When the penis is erect it is 5-7 inches long An erection occurs when the sponge-like chambers in the penis fill with blood. When the penis is erect it is 5-7 inches long An erection occurs when the sponge-like chambers in the penis fill with blood. Click here

SEMEN: a combination of fluid that is produced in the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and Cowper's gland. This fluid nourishes and helps sperm move through the urethra. a combination of fluid that is produced in the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and Cowper's gland. This fluid nourishes and helps sperm move through the urethra. Click here

EJACULATION the passage of sperm from the penis, a result of a series of muscular contractions. the passage of sperm from the penis, a result of a series of muscular contractions. Click here

TIME LINE: Infancy Erections begin Ages Secondary sex characteristics appear Ages Sperm produced in adult amounts (puberty) Late teens Peak sexual urges for boys Throughout life If good health is present, there is the sex urge and ability to father children

Problems/Issues Diseases of the reproductive system There are many parts of the male and female reproductive systems that can be affected by cancer. In females, cancer can attack the uterus, ovaries, breast and cervix, among other organs. Males can develop prostate, testicular and penile cancer.cervix Both genders can develop sexually transmitted diseases, including genital herpes, gonorrhea and syphilis. HIV/AIDS, a disease of theimmune system, is not exclusively transmitted through sexual contact; sexual activity is one of the ways that the HIV virus is spread.herpesHIV/AIDSimmune system

Men’s Issues with their system In males, infertility is a condition in they produce no sperm cells (azoospermia), too few sperm cells (oligospermia), or if their sperm cells are abnormal or die before they can reach the egg. Chronic problems with ejaculation (sperm released at orgasm) also contribute to male infertility. In rare cases, infertility in men is caused by an inherited condition, such as cystic fibrosis or chromosomal abnormalities.infertility in men Men can also experience epididymitis, which is an inflammation of the epididymis, the tube that lies on and around each testicle and plays a role in the transportation, storage, and maturation of sperm cells. Another condition of the male reproductive system is hypogonadism, which occurs when the testicles do not produce enough testosterone.

Women’s issues with their system For females, one of the more common disorders of the reproductive system is a vaginal yeast infection, which is caused by a yeast fungus in the vagina. Endometriosis is a condition involving colonization of the abdominal/pelvic cavity with islands of endometrial tissue. If endometrial tissue flushes up the uterine tube during menstruation and spills into the abdomen, the clots of endometrial tissue can attach to abdominal organs such as the bladder, rectum, intestinal loops and then cycle along with the uterus in response to monthly changes in ovarian hormones. Endometriosis Pelvic inflammatory disease is a condition where bacteria can make their way up the vagina, through the uterus, and traverse the uterine tubes which open into the abdominal cavity. In women with a prolapsed uterus, the ligaments that hold the uterus in proper position so that it does not prolapse, or herniate, into the vagina, have failed.