What two Northern victories would be a turning point of the war in July of 1863? Why? This Day in History: February 23, Friedrich von Steuben, a Prussian military officer, arrives at Valley Forge and commences training soldiers in close-order drill, instilling new confidence and discipline in the demoralized Continental Army. February 23, William Edward Burghardt (W.E.B.) DuBois is born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. A brilliant scholar, DuBois was an influential proponent of civil rights. February 23, During the bloody Battle for Iwo Jima, U.S. Marines from the 3rd Platoon, E Company, 2nd Battalion, 28th Regiment of the 5th Division take the crest of Mount Suribachi, the island’s highest peak and most strategic position, and raise the U.S. flag.

How would the South be rebuilt? How would liberated blacks fare as free people? How would the southern states be reintegrated into the Union? Who would redirect the process of Reconstruction? Congress, the president, or the southern states?

Banks, businesses, factories had been destroyed. The transportation system was gone. Agriculture was crippled. Many southerners remained defiant.

Emancipation was difficult, many southern planters resisted. Many slaves began travelling to get away from their plantations or look for relatives. From about 25,000 blacks migrated to Kansas. (Exodusters) Many blacks began to learn how to read and write for the first time.

Founded to help get former slaves on their feet with necessary skills; primitive welfare agency. Achieved greatest success through education.

Read “A Letter to My Former Master” and answer APPARTS. Reading quiz tomorrow over Chapter 18.2, pgs

Who were the Radical Republicans? How would they play a role in Reconstruction? This Day in History: February 24, The Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice John Marshall, decides the landmark case of William Marbury versus James Madison, Secretary of State of the United States and confirms the legal principle of judicial review–the ability of the Supreme Court to limit Congressional power by declaring legislation unconstitutional–in the new nation. February 24, Colonel William Travis issues a call for help on behalf of the Texan troops defending the Alamo. February 24, Former President John Quincy Adams begins to argue the Amistad case in front of the U.S. Supreme Court. February 24, The U.S. House of Representatives votes 11 articles of impeachment against President Andrew Johnson, nine of which cite Johnson’s removal of Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, a violation of the Tenure of Office Act. The House vote made President Johnson the first president to be impeached in U.S. history. February 24, During World War I, British authorities give Walter H. Page, the U.S. ambassador to Britain, a copy of the “Zimmermann Note,” a coded message from Arthur Zimmermann, the German foreign secretary, to Count Johann von Bernstorff, the German ambassador to Mexico.

Lincoln’s 10% Plan A state could be reintegrated once 10% of the voters took an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide emancipation. 50% of a state’s voters take an oath of allegiance and demanded stronger safeguards for emancipation. Wade-Davis Bill

Harsh penalties were imposed on blacks who left their labor contracts early, violators could be captured and forced to work to pay off their fines. Blacks could not serve on juries, vote, or even lease land. Many blacks and poor whites began working as sharecroppers.

In December of 1865 southern congressman who had been in office before secession returned. Republicans were scared of losing the power in Congress to the South and having emancipation overturned. On December 6, 1865 President Johnson announced that the rebellious states had been restored.

13 th Amendment- Slavery prohibited (1865) 14 th Amendment-Civil Rights for ex-slaves (1868) 15 th Amendment-Suffrage for blacks (1870)

Divided the South into 5 military districts commanded by a General and soldiers; 20,000 total. Requirements for reentry: ratification of the 14 th Amendment, Southern constitutions had to grant full suffrage to former slaves.

Women had played a major role in emancipation before and during the war. Suffrage leaders like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony wanted the fifteenth amendment to include women, but it would be fifty years before that happens.

In 1866 the KKK was established in TN to terrorize blacks and pro black whites. They used violence and intimidation to keep blacks on the bottom of society.

In 1867 the Tenure of Office Act was passed requiring the president to get the Senate’s approval before he removed his appointees. Shortly after Johnson fired Edwin Stanton and the House impeached Johnson for “high crimes and misdemeanors.” The senate failed to muster the two-thirds majority to remove Johnson by one vote.

In 1867 Secretary of State, William Seward purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million. Many people were upset by this purchase but the investment would eventually pay off because of the natural resources it contained.

Rutherford B. Hayes was inaugurated in 1877 and removed troops from the South ending reconstruction.

In the years following the Civil War, southern states passed Jim Crow laws requiring whites and blacks to be separated in public places. The Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson upheld segregation in the United States. Established the “separate but equal” clause in the United States.