GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHARUCH Subject : Organic Chemistry and Unit Process

AMINO ACIDS, PROTEINS, RNA & DNA Group -3 Name of Members Kathiriya Pratik Kevadiya Jhanvi Khoradiya Ravi Lakhiya Brijesh Marvaniya Chirag Mehata Parth

AMINO ACIDS Amino acids are building blocks of proteins. Their molecules containing both amino and carboxyl groups attached to the same  -carbon (L-  -amino acids). Their chemical structure influences three dimensional structure of proteins. They are important intermediates in metabolism (porphyrins, purines, pyrimidines, creatin, urea etc).

L-isomer is normally found in proteins. The basic structure of amino acids differ only in the structure of the or the side chain (R-group). L-isomer

Nonionic and zwitterion forms of amino acids The zwitterion predominates at neutral pH Week acid Week base Zwitterion = in German for „hybrid ion“

A simple monoamino monocarboxyl  -amino acid is a diprotic acid (can yield protons) when fully protonated

Glycine (Gly) Alanine (Ala) Valine (Val) Leucine (Leu) Isoleucine (Ile) Nonpolar (Hydrophobic) R Groups Proline (Pro) Tryptophan (Trp) Phenylalanine (Phe) Methionine (Met)

Polar (Hydrophilic) R Groups Serine (Ser) Cysteine (cys) Glutamine (Gln) Asparagine (Asn) Tyrosine (Tyr) Threonine (Thr)

Protein synthesis Amino acids are the repeating sub-units of protein molecules. Amino acid order determines the protein ____ amino acids exist in all life forms ______of amino acids is important, determines the 3-dimensional shape of the molecule. Structure of the protein determines its ______

Structure of proteins proteins have a complex 3-d structure. It is study step by step at four different level. (1)Primary structure : The primary structure of a protein refers to the sequence of amino acids. The amino acid sequence in many proteins have been determine and following observation have been made: (a) A protein may contain more than one amino acid chain

(b) small variations in the sequence of amino acids have pronounced effects on the properties of protein. (2) Secondary structure: The secondary structure of a protine refers to the shape in which long amino acid chains exist. many proteins consist of amino acid chain coild into a spiral known as an α- helix. The spiral is held together by hydrogen by hydrogen bonds between N-H and C=O Groups vertically adjacent to one another in the helix.

(3) Tertiary structure: An α-helix may be considered to be a piece of rope which is free to bend, twist and fold. The tertiary structure of a protine refers to the final 3-d shape that results from twisting, bending, and folding of protein helix (4) Quaternary structure: complex proteins are often formed from two or more amino acid chains rather than a single amino chain. Each chain is a complete protein with a characteristic primary, Secondary, and tertiary structure.

Review/Explain: Types of Nucleic Acids What are the two types of nuclei acids? Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) – Single Stranded Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Double Helix –(Twisted Ladder)

Elaborate: Make a Key for your DNA Model Label each of the following components: –Cytosine –Adenine –Guanine –Thymine –Phosphate –Deoxyribose

DNA What is the Main Job of DNA? It contains the code for the proteins an organism may produce. What are the basic units or monomers of DNA? Nucleotides make up DNA. Where is DNA found? It is found mostly in the nucleus of a cell making up its chromosomes.

DNA Deoxyribose Sugar Base Pairs A-T G-C Phosphate Most Importantly--- –Contains the Code for ALL the Proteins in the Body

RNA What is the Main Job of RNA? It retrieves the protein code from DNA and carry out the processes needed to produce proteins. What are the basic units or monomers of DNA? Nucleotides Where is RNA found? It is found both inside and outside of the nucleus.

RNA Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Sugar + Phosphate Backbone Differs from DNA –Single Stranded –Ribose Sugar –Base Pairs A-U, G-C –Are there T’s in RNA? –A, U no T’s in RNA RNA assists DNA in manufacturing needed proteins

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