Organic Molecules Biological molecules--Crash Course video Biological molecules--Crash Course video A.K.A Life Substances, Biomolecules, or Macromolecules They are Polymers! What is a Polymer?

A. Organic means made of carbon(C), hydrogen(H), and oxygen(O). B. Carbon is the central element of these molecules! C. Inorganic means NOT made of C, H, and O. Ex: water

II. The 4 Organic Molecules: 1. Carbohydrates a. Monomers are monosaccharides. b. Function: stores and releases energy (short-term)

c. 3 categories of carbohydrates are: 1. monosaccharides—Also called simple sugars examples: glucose, fructose (fruit sugar)

2. disaccharides—Made of 2 simple sugars example: sucrose

3. polysaccharides—Made of many simple sugars examples: starch (as in potatoes, rice, pasta, etc.) cellulose (in plant cell walls) glycogen (for animal energy storage)

d. Carbohydrate model: Contains: C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio This is only an EXAMPLE!!! glucose----glucose----glucose----glucose----glucose (This is a polysaccharide.)

Carbohydrates—1:2:1 ratio

9 ring e. In aqueous (watery) solutions, monosaccharides form ring structures. Copyright Cmassengale

2. Lipids a. The monomers (or building blocks) are glycerol and fatty acids.

b. Lipid functions include: 1. Is the main component of the cell membrane. 2. Long-term energy storage 3. Padding, insulation, and flotation, water-proofing

c. Lipid examples: fats, oils, and waxes d. Specific examples: cholesterol and other steroids, some hormones

e. Lipid model: Contains: C,H,O Gfatty acid L Y C Efatty acid R O L fatty acid

Lipids

3. Proteins a. The monomers are amino acids. *There are 20 different amino acids. The amino acids are held together by peptide bonds.

Amino Acid monomers

17 Proteins--Amino Acid Structure Amino acids have a central carbon with 4 things bonded to it: Amino group –NH 2 Carboxyl group -COOH Hydrogen -H Side group -R Amino group Carboxyl group R group Side groups Leucine -hydrophobic Serine-hydrophillic Copyright Cmassengale

(Proteins continued) b. Protein functions include: 1. Make up tissues (or build structure) in organisms 2. Speed up chemical reactions as enzymes (called catalysts) 3. Is a component of the cell membrane

c. Protein Examples: enzymes, antibodies, some hormones d. Examples of foods containing protein: meats, eggs, beans, nuts

e. Protein model: Contains: C,H,O, and nitrogen (N) amino acid—amino acid—amino acid—amino acid (Most proteins have amino acids.)

21 Protein Structures or CONFORMATIONS Hydrogen bond Pleated sheet Amino acid (a) Primary structure Hydrogen bond Alpha helix (b) Secondary structure Polypeptide (single subunit) (c) Tertiary structure (d) Quaternary structure Copyright Cmassengale

4. Nucleic Acids a. The monomers are nucleotides. Each nucleotide is made of a sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base.

b. Nucleic acid examples: DNA, RNA, and ATP c. Nucleic acid functions: DNA—contains genetic information RNA—helps to make proteins ATP—stores energy

d. Nucleic Acid model: nucleotide

e. Nucleotide model: Contains: C,H,O,N, and phosphorus (P) phosphate sugar nitrogen base

26 Nucleic Acids Nitrogenous base (A,G,C, or T) Phosphate group Thymine (T) Sugar (deoxyribose) Phosphate Base Suga r Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides. Nucleotide Copyright Cmassengale