+ Orthopedic Impairment Mia Sasfai Couto

+ Definition A severe orthopedic impairment that adversely affects a child's educational performance. To put it in other terms…a physical disability which could affect the academic process.

+ Classification The Individuals With Disabilities Act (IDEA) classifies Orthopedic Impairment as much more than just what we would normally think of: Absence of a member Clubfoot (twisted out of shape or position Burns Fractures

+ Classification Classifications for Orthopedic Impairment include: Amputations Spina Bifida Cerebral palsy Diplegia - legs affected more than arms Hemiplegia- left or right side Quadriplegia- all four limbs

+ Characteristics They are passive, less persistent, having shorter attention span, engage them in less exploration and display less motivation. They are more dependent on adults and have high anxiety and frustration. They are tender minded and somewhat tense. They possess a poor ego and unconscious guilt feelings. They have the strong sense of fear and lack confidence in their abilities.

+ Characteristics May have limited mobility May have difficulty writing if upper extremities are involved May have speech difficulties May have limited social interaction skills May have limited ability to perform activities of daily living

+ Causation Caused by congenital anomaly (e.g., clubfoot, absence of some member, etc.), impairments caused by disease (e.g., poliomyelitis, bone tuberculosis, etc.), and impairments from other causes (e.g., cerebral palsy, amputations, and fractures or burns that cause contractures). There does not appear to be any trend toward greater incidence of orthopedic impairment in boys or girls or based on cultural or racial factors.

+ Prevention Prevention of Orthopedic Impairments all has to deal with health education, immunization, and nutrition. Cleanliness, medical care, and nutrition awareness are essential for prevention. Monitoring births is important to avoid conditions.

+ Learning Opportunities Use strategies and techniques to develop students' skills in developing peer relationships, initiating and responding in social interactions, working cooperatively, understanding expectations in various social situations, accepting responsibility for one's own behavior, and interacting constructively in a variety of group activities.

+ Learning Opportunities Technology can be used for EVERY type of student! Speech recognition software Screen reading software Augmentative and alternative communication devices Academic software packages for students with disabilities

+ Curriculum and Instruction Accommodations need to be made for students with OI: Preferential seating Flexible time limits Reduced assignments Larger desk, lap tray or table Special grips, pens or pencils

+ Curriculum and Instruction Special instructions are important for students with OI: Build an accepting environment in your classroom Provide summaries, notes, study guides Use visual aides Allow for hands-on learning Make every activity accessible to the student Teach classmates to help only when asked by the student with OI Build on the child's strengths Ensure accessibility in and out of classroom

+ Assessments In accordance with their modifications, students will receive special assessments: Assistive technology Alternative grading scale Verbal question and answer Aid? Having different achievement criteria or taking the regular assessment with approved accommodations or modifications.

+ Assessments 1. Intelligence 2. Achievement 3. Adaptive Behavior 4. Social Behavior/Emotional Adjustment 5. Communication/Languag e 6. Sensory Status 7. Motor Skills 8. Health Status When a disability is being assessed, professionals look for these eight different degrees: About 90% of the students who are found eligible for special education have disabilities that fall primarily within the first five of those dimensions.

+ Parental Involvement Having the parent present during the assessment of orthopedic impaired students really determines what accommodations they will receive. Parent/School meetings create an IEP (Individual Education Plan)IEP IEP’s are used to tell the teacher exactly what is needed to appropriately accommodate the student

+ Accommodations

+ Parental Involvement The more parental involvement the better! Student who deal with disabilities are 5 times more likely to get help from their parents than other children. Students with parents that believe their child will continue on to secondary school and graduate are more likely to do well in school.

+ Support Services Depending on the extent of the impairment, different services are provided: Physical Therapists Additional Therapists Occupational Therapists Speech-Language Pathologists Adapted Physical Education Teachers

+ Support Services Organizations around the country United Cerebral Palsy Associations, Inc. Washington DC Center for Disability and Development College Station, TX March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation White Plains, NY Spina Bifida Association of America Washington, DC 20007

+ Interesting Facts “The United States Department of Education reports that there were five million, nine-hundred and seventy-one thousand, four-hundred and ninety-five students receiving special education services during the 2003 through 2004 school year. Of these students, about one point one percent received special education services based on a classification of orthopedic impairments” (Weiss).

+ A Study A Journal of Educational and Social Research did a study and found that: Girls that deal with more social problems when dealing with OI. Low academically achieved students deal with more social problems. Rural students are confronted with more social problems that Urban students with OI.

+ APA Orthopedic Impairments | Special Ed. Info for Parents & Instructorshttp:// impairments/ impairments/ Weiss, T. (2009, October 9). Children and Orthopedic Impairments. Retrieved October 27, 2015, from impairments.phphttp://akuehnel3.tripod.com/id7.htmlhttp:// impairments.phphttp://akuehnel3.tripod.com/id7.html Welch-Hart, D. (2013, March 17). Orthopedic Impairment - Special Education Nation. Retrieved October 27, 2015, from Lenka, S. (2013, May). Journal of Educational and Social Research Problems of Orthopedically Impaired Students in Relation to their Gender, Achievement and Locality. Vol. 3 (2) ISSN X Odle, T. (2009, December 23). Orthopedic Impairments. Retrieved October 27, 2015, from Reschly, D. (n.d.). Identification and Assessment of Students with Disabilities. The Future of Children, Retrieved October 27, 2015, from