Chapter 18 World War II and Its Aftermath

Timeline Activity Study the timeline and answer the following: 1.What action did Italy take in 1935? 2.How long after World War II began did the United States enter the war? 3.What took place in China after World War II ended?

Section 1 – Aggression, Appeasement, and War – Bell Ringer Use the text’s glossary to define the words: sanction, appeasement, and pacifism. Read the section assessment questions. Write what you predict you will learn in this section.

Section 1 – Reading Focus Questions How did dictators and the Spanish Civil War challenge world peace? How did the continuing German aggression lead Europe toward war? What factors encouraged the coming of war?

Section 1 - Vocabulary The League voted sanctions, or penalties, against Italy for having violated international law. Instead they adopted a policy of appeasement, giving in to the demands of an aggressor to keep the peace. Finally, widespread pacifism, or opposition to all war, and disgust with the destruction during the previous war pushed many governments to seek peace at any price.

Section 1 - Vocabulary By 1938, Hitler was ready to engineer the Anschluss, or union of Austria and Germany. Hitler Remilitarizes Germany - Hitler rebuilt the German military during the 1930s in defiance of the Treaty of Versailles. The government’s investment in armaments also helped pull Germany out of the Great Depression. Here, German police march in goose step as Hitler salutes in the background. How did Germany’s rearmament affect the rest of Germany?

Section 1- Main Idea During the 1930s, dictators undermined world peace. Benito Mussolini—Italy Adolf Hitler—Germany Tojo Hideki—Japan Francisco Franco—Spain

Throughout the 1930s, dictators took aggressive action but met only verbal protests and pleas for peace from the democracies. Mussolini and Hitler viewed that desire for peace as weakness and responded with new acts of aggression. In 1935, Mussolini invaded Ethiopia. The League of Nations voted sanctions, or penalties, but had no power to enforce the sanctions. Hitler built up the German military in defiance of the Versailles treaty. Then, in 1936, he sent troops into the demilitarized Rhineland bordering France — another treaty violation. How Did Dictators Challenge World Peace?

Although the Spanish Civil War was a local struggle, it drew other European powers into the fighting. Hitler and Mussolini sent arms and forces to help Franco. Volunteers from Germany, Italy, the Soviet Union, and the western democracies joined the International Brigade and fought alongside the Loyalists against fascism. By 1939, Franco had triumphed. Once in power, he created a fascist dictatorship like those of Hitler and Mussolini. The Spanish Civil War

In 1938, Hitler used force to unite Austria and Germany in the Anschluss. The western democracies took no action. Hitler annexed the Sudetenland, a region in western Czechoslovakia. At the Munich Conference, British and French leaders again chose appeasement. In 1939, Hitler claimed the rest of Czechoslovakia. The democracies realized that appeasement had failed. They promised to protect Poland, most likely Hitler’s next target. Hitler formed a Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact with Stalin. German forces invaded Poland. Britain and France immediately declared war on Germany. German Aggression Neville Chamberlain and headlines announcing the Munich Pact

Germany in Czechoslovakia - A Sudeten woman grieves while dutifully saluting Hitler’s troops. German tanks roll through Wenceslas Square in Prague.

Aggression in Europe to 1939

Why War Came Historians see the war as an effort to revise the 1919 peace settlement. The Versailles treaty had divided the world into two camps. The western democracies might have been able to stop Hitler. Unwilling to risk war, however, they adopted a policy of appeasement, giving in to the demands of an aggressor in hope of keeping the peace.

Section 2 – The Global Conflict: Axis Advances – Bell Ringer Read the words of Winston Churchill quoted at the bottom of page 474. Discuss with a neighbor how these words might have inspired a nation to stand up to the hardships of war.

Section 2 – Focus Questions What early gains allowed the Axis powers to control much of Europe? What were the Battle of Britain and Operation Barbarossa? How did Japan respond to growing American involvement?

Section 2 - Vocabulary Nazi forces stormed into Poland revealing the enormous power of Hitler’s blitzkrieg, “lightning war.” They produced ever more deadly bombs and invented hundreds of new devices, such as radar to detect airplanes and sonar to detect submarines.

Section 2- Main Idea The early years of World War II were marked by Axis victories.

Early Axis Gains By 1941, the Axis powers or their allies controlled most of Western Europe. Germany and Russia conquered and divided Poland. Stalin’s armies pushed into Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Soviet forces seized Finland. Hitler conquered Norway and Denmark. Hitler took the Netherlands and Belgium. France surrendered to Hitler. Axis armies pushed into North Africa and the Balkans. Axis armies defeated Greece and Yugoslavia. Bulgaria and Hungary joined the Axis alliance.

In 1940, Hitler ordered Operation Sea Lion, the invasion of Britain. The Germans first bombed military targets, then changed tactics to the blitz, or bombing, of London and other cities. London did not break under the blitz. The bombing only strengthened British resolve to turn back the enemy. Operation Sea Lion was a failure. In 1941, Hitler embarked on Operation Barbarossa, the conquest of the Soviet Union. The Nazis smashed deep into Russia, but were stalled before they could take Moscow and Leningrad. Thousands of German soldiers froze to death in Russia’s winter. Russians also suffered appalling hardships. Stalin urged Britain to open a second front in Western Europe. THE BATTLE OF BRITAINOPERATION BARBAROSSA The Battle of Britain and Operation Barbarossa

Growing American Involvement When the war began in 1939, the United States declared its neutrality. Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act, which allowed the President to supply arms to those who were fighting for democracy. Roosevelt and Churchill issued the Atlantic Charter, which called for the “final destruction of the Nazi tyranny.” Japan advanced into French Indochina and the Dutch East Indies. To stop Japanese aggression, the United States banned the sale of war materials to Japan. Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. The United States declared war on Japan. Germany and Italy, as Japan’s allies, declared war on the United States.

The Japanese in China - Since 1937, the Japanese had been trying to expand into Asia by taking over China. Although the Japanese occupied much of eastern China, the Chinese refused to surrender. The occupying Japanese treated the Chinese brutally. Below, Japanese soldiers load Chinese civilians onto trucks to take them to an execution ground during the sacking of Nanjing in 1937.

Meeting at Sea - President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill issued the Atlantic Charter in August December 7, On the sleepy Sunday morning of December 7, 1941, the military complex at Pearl Harbor was suddenly jolted awake by a surprise attack. Planes screamed down from the sky, dropping bombs and torpedoes. Americans were shocked and horrified by the attacks. How did Pearl Harbor change the isolationist policies of the United States?

Section 3 – Focus Questions How did the Allies turn the tide of war? How did the Red Army and the Allied invasion of France undo German plans?

Section 3 - Vocabulary Genocide – the deliberate murder of all European Jews Collaborator – helping the Nazis hunt down the Jews Reparations – payments for damages caused by imprisonment

Section 3 – Main Idea In 1942 and 1943, the tide of war began to turn as Allied forces won key victories. Air War in the Pacific - Allied forces won decisive victories in the Coral Sea and at Midway Island. The Japanese pilots below may have taken part in these battles, which were fought from planes launched from aircraft carriers. How do you think aircraft carriers changed naval warfare?

During 1942 and 1943, the Allies won several victories that would turn the tide of battle and push back the Axis powers.