1.1 How do geographers describe where things are? Obj. Students will be able to identify the ideas behind globalization and how the world is being shrunk!!

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Can you make an orange peel flat?

Hard to show a true picture of the earth. Globe?Globe? –Can’t show detail or it would be too big –Hard to write on or photo copy –Or put in your car to use for direction –Why then do we use maps? What is their advantage?

What is a disadvantage to the map?

Projection Scientific method of transferring locations on earth’s surface to flat map.Scientific method of transferring locations on earth’s surface to flat map.

Projection Problems Shape can be distortedShape can be distorted Distance can be distortedDistance can be distorted Relative size can be distortedRelative size can be distorted Direction can be distortedDirection can be distorted

Cartographers (map makers) have worked to limit these distortions “All maps lie flat, and all flat maps lie”“All maps lie flat, and all flat maps lie” What does this mean?What does this mean?

Types of Map Projections MercatorMercator MollweideMollweide Van Der GrintenVan Der Grinten RobinsonRobinson Peters (Gall-Peters)Peters (Gall-Peters)

Mercator Compass directions are correctCompass directions are correct Shape is distorted very littleShape is distorted very little Exaggerates land area as you move from equator.Exaggerates land area as you move from equator. RectangularRectangular

Mollweide Attempts to preserve map features and avoid high latitude distortionsAttempts to preserve map features and avoid high latitude distortions

Van Der Grinten Shows Canada and Russia at almost 200% larger than what they actually are.Shows Canada and Russia at almost 200% larger than what they actually are. Used by National Geographic Society for over 50 years.. But they switched to…Used by National Geographic Society for over 50 years.. But they switched to…

Robinson Useful in displaying information across the oceansUseful in displaying information across the oceans Land areas appear much smallerLand areas appear much smaller Does not distort countries at high latitudes as much.Does not distort countries at high latitudes as much. Better portrays relationship of land and water areas around world.Better portrays relationship of land and water areas around world.

Peters - equal-area cylindric/cylindrical equal-area projection - Political implications because of the map design.

Which map projection would be best for…… Direction?Direction? Size and Shape?Size and Shape? Navigation?Navigation?

Which map is best? 2dvERM

Cartographers also must manipulate MAP SCALE Scale is the relationship between a portion of the earth and the earth. OR The degree to which a map “zooms in” on an area.

Scale Ratio of map distance (distance between two points on a map) and earth distance (distance between those two points on the earth’s surface).Ratio of map distance (distance between two points on a map) and earth distance (distance between those two points on the earth’s surface).

Map Scale The degree of generalization of information depends on the scale.The degree of generalization of information depends on the scale. Large scale= lots of detailLarge scale= lots of detail Small scale= limited detailSmall scale= limited detail

How to remember? The larger your city or country appears on the map the larger the map scale.The larger your city or country appears on the map the larger the map scale. OROR The fraction…1/10,000 is larger than 1/1,000,000.The fraction…1/10,000 is larger than 1/1,000,000.

Let’s try it! Wide Arms= Small ScaleWide Arms= Small Scale Small arms= Large scaleSmall arms= Large scale

Scale & local-global continuum Local scale, Regional scale, and global scale interact in a local-global continuum.Local scale, Regional scale, and global scale interact in a local-global continuum. Phenomena at one scale influences those at other scales.Phenomena at one scale influences those at other scales. Let’s think of some examples…..Let’s think of some examples…..

Unrest in Iraq

Air Pollution

Intolerance of others who have different beliefs

Aggregation and scale The level of aggregation influences the spatial patterns we see.The level of aggregation influences the spatial patterns we see. Aggregation- size of geographic units we are studying.Aggregation- size of geographic units we are studying. –Cities, counties, states, regions, or groupings of countries. Patterns can change at different aggregation levels. Ex: Counties vs. States and education level

In the next few slides, see if you can identify the problems when map scale is skewed or manipulated.

Format of Many pre-1914 German School Atlases

Comparative Size of Germany and USA in 1914

Geographic information system (GIS) Computer system that can capture, store, query, analyze, & display geographic dataComputer system that can capture, store, query, analyze, & display geographic data Info can be stored in layers to shows relationships & correlationsInfo can be stored in layers to shows relationships & correlations

Remote Sensing Data gathered from a satellite that transmits images in digital form to receiving station on EarthData gathered from a satellite that transmits images in digital form to receiving station on Earth Satellite sensors record pixels & put them together in a grid to create a pictureSatellite sensors record pixels & put them together in a grid to create a picture

Global Positioning System (GPS) Accurately determines the precise position of something on EarthAccurately determines the precise position of something on Earth Most commonly used for navigation & directionMost commonly used for navigation & direction

Google Maps! Create an autobiographical map with the following features:Create an autobiographical map with the following features: 1.Place you were born 2.Where you went to elementary school 3.Where you went to middle school 4.Where you go to high school 5.Significant place in your life 6.A place you want to go

Globalization!!