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تتضمن المحاضرة الفقرات التالية :- Definition of Retaining Walls. Type of Retaining Walls. Type of Failures. Design Constraints.

Definition of Retaining Walls Retaining walls : is a structure designed and constructed to resist the lateral pressure of soil when there is a desired change in ground elevation of the soil.

Type of Retaining Walls

Type of Failures There are two type of failure may accrue in the case of retaining walls: Soil failure. Structural Failure.

Retaining wall parts and forces applied

Soil Failure. There are many soil failures that may occur in the seat type bridge abutment retaining wall. Bowles, (1997) indicated that four types of failure must be designed against a typical cantilever retaining wall, namely: Sliding Overturning about the toe. No tension condition in the foundation. Bearing capacity.

Structural Failure The structure failure can occur in any part of the four parts of the retaining wall, i.e., stem, toe or heal. Each component part should be designed for shear and bending moment. Minimum stem thickness at the bottom to resist shearing force. Check the stress at the base of stem. Minimum area of steel for the stem to resist bending moment. Minimum thickness and area of steel for toe and heel slab to resist shearing force and bending moment. Minimum area of steel. Maximum area of steel. Temperature and shrinkage reinforcement.

Design Constraints In many practical problems, the design variables cannot be chosen arbitrarily, rather they have to satisfy certain specified functional and other requirements. The restriction that must be satisfied in order to produce an acceptable design are collectively called design constraints. Soil constraints. Structural constraints. Side constraints.

Design Constraints Side constraints