Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Robert J. Sullivan, Marist College EXCHANGE OF GASES

What is Human Respiration? The human respiratory system allows one to obtain oxygen, eliminate carbon dioxide. Breathing consists of two phases, inspiration and expiration Inspiration- the process of taking in air Expiration- the process of blowing out air

Breathing (ventilation): air in to and out of lungs External respiration: gas exchange between air and blood Internal respiration: gas exchange between blood and tissues Cellular respiration: oxygen use to produce ATP, carbon dioxide as waste Four Respiration Processes

Human Respiratory System Figure 10.1

Organs in the Respiratory System STRUCTUREFUNCTION nose / nasal cavity warms, moistens, & filters air as it is inhaled pharynx (throat) passageway for air, leads to trachea larynx the voice box, where vocal chords are located trachea (windpipe) keeps the windpipe "open" trachea is lined with fine hairs called cilia which filter air before it reaches the lungs bronchi two branches at the end of the trachea, each lead to a lung bronchioles a network of smaller branches leading from the bronchi into the lung tissue & ultimately to air sacs alveoli the functional respiratory units in the lung where gases are exchanged

Components of the Upper Respiratory Tract Figure 10.2

Passageway for respiration Receptors for smell Filters incoming air to filter larger foreign material Moistens and warms incoming air Resonating chambers for voice Upper Respiratory Tract Functions

Components of the Lower Respiratory Tract Figure 10.3

Functions: Larynx: maintains an open airway, routes food and air appropriately, assists in sound production Trachea: transports air to and from lungs Bronchi: branch into lungs Lungs: transport air to alveoli for gas exchange Lower Respiratory Tract

Gas Exchange Between the Blood and Alveoli Figure 10.8A

Respiratory Cycle Figure 10.9

Definition of Terms. Respiratory System; organs that supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide. Pulmonary ventilation; tidellike movement of air into and out of the lungs so that gases in the alveoli are continuously changed and refreshed; synomous with ventilation and breathing. External respiration; gas exchanges to and from the pulmonary circuit blood that occur in the lungs. Internal respiration; exchange of gases to and from the blood capillaries of the systemic circulation.

Definitions continued: Total lung capacity; (TLC) the most amount of air that can be inspired. Inspiratory capacity; (IC) volume of air that can be inspired after normal expiration. (equal to TV + IRV). Tidal Volume; (TV) amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions. Inspiratory reserve volume; (IRV) amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation.

Definitions continued. Expiratory reserve volume; (ERV) amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after normal tidal volume exhalation. Vital capacity; (VC) maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after maximal inspiration. (VC= TV+IRV+ERV) Minute respiratory volume; is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled from a person’s lungs per minute. Residual volume; the volume of air still remaining in the lungs after the most forcible expiration possible.

Definitions continued. Functional residual capacity (FRC): the volume of air present in the lungs at the end of passive expiration; the pressure in the lungs is equal to the pressure outside of the lungs.

Measurement of Lung Capacity Figure 10.10A

Lung Capacity Data

Neural control of respiration.

pH and respiration. As pH increases respiratory centers in the brain stem will be become inhibited, which causes respiration rate to decrease. An increase in CO2 results in a lower pH and stimulation of respiratory centers in the brain stem.

Malfunctions & Diseases of the Respiratory System asthma severe allergic reaction characterized by the constriction of bronchioles bronchitis inflammation of the lining of the bronchioles emphysema condition in which the alveoli deteriorate, causing the lungs to lose their elasticity pneumonia condition in which the alveoli become filled with fluid, preventing the exchange of gases lung cancer irregular & uncontrolled growth of tumors in the lung tissue