Population Movement

Contributed to the evolution of separate cultures and the diffusion of cultures. Changes both the place one leaves and the place one goes.

Movement Cyclic Movement – movement away from home for a short period. –Commuting –Seasonal movement –Nomadism Periodic Movement – movement away from home for a longer period. –Migrant labor –Transhumance –Military service –College attendance

Migration Migration – A change in residence that is intended to be permanent. Little Haiti, Miami, Florida

International Migration – Movement across country borders (implying a degree of permanence).

Emigrant of the origin country (old) Immigrant of the destination country (new)

Europeans comprised more than 90 percent of the immigrants to the United States during the nineteenth century, and even as recently as the early 1960s, still accounted for more than 50 percent. Latin America and Asia are now the dominant sources of immigrants to the United States.

The major flows of international migrants are from less developed countries to more developed countries, especially from Asia and Latin America to North America and from Asia to Europe.

The United States has by far the largest number of immigrants– that is, permanent residents who were born in other countries. Other more developed countries, including Australia, Canada, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, also have relatively large numbers of immigrants.

Internal Migration - Movement within a single country’s borders (implying a degree of permanence).

United States is the most mobile population Average one move every six years

Why do People Migrate? Forced Migration – Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.

Forced Migration – the Atlantic Slave Trade

Forced Migration – Trail of Tears Figure 3.28

Forced migration still happens today. Example: countermigration, in which governments detain migrants who enter or attempt to enter their countries illegally and return the migrants to their home countries. Forced Migration

Why do People Migrate? Voluntary Migration – Human migration flows in which the movers respond to perceived opportunity, not force.

Types of Voluntary Migration Step Migration – when a migrant follows a series of steps or stages toward a final destination; often hierarchical Intervening opportunity : Many migrants encounter an opportunity along their migration stream that keeps them from getting to the metropolis that impelled them to move in the first place.

Types of Voluntary Migration Chain Migration – when a migrant communicates to family and/or friends at home and encourages further migration along the same path of kinship and/or friendship ties. Chains of migration built upon each other create immigration waves or swells in migration from one origin to the same destination

Types of Voluntary Migration Return Migration – when a migrant returns to their place of origin. –On average 25% of all migrants return –Within the US, 20% return back to one’s State of birth

Mexico has been the largest source of immigrants to the United States in recent decades. Colombia, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Jamaica, and Peru are other Latin American countries that sent at least 10,000 immigrants annually to the United States during the 1990s.

Distance decay: Prospective migrants are likely to have more complete perceptions of nearer places than of farther ones. Since interaction with faraway places generally decreases as distance increases, prospective migrants are likely to feel much less certain about distant destinations than about nearer ones. Factors in Migration

Percent Born in State of Residence by State: 2010 Below – – and above