Gujarat Institute of Technical Studies name: Patel Savan Vasudevbhai Semester: 3 st Sem. Branch: Civil Engineering Enrollment No. : Sub: surveying

Civil Engineering Surveying Adapted from: Roy Frank

Planning A Survey  Planning requires a well rounded understanding of surveying practices  Process: 1.Choice of accuracy required (depends on use to be made) 1.Basic Control 2.Topographic 3.Photogrammetry

Planning A Survey 2.Existing Control 1.Search records for existing control in area 1.Illinois Geological Survey – Urbana, IL 2.National Geodetic Survey – Rolla, MO or Rockville, Maryland 3.Reconnaissance: 1.Search Procedure: 1.Description often dated 2.Can use GPS receiver (Lat. And Long) 3.Probe, detectors – often problems - brass

Planning A Survey 4.Choice of Instruments and Methods 1.Depends on availability, location, existing features, and accuracy 5.Computation and Drafting

Accuracy and Errors  Accuracy depends on: 1.Precise instruments 2.Precise Methods 3.Good Planning  Example: Angle turned with theodolite, pointed with care; readings checked thus good precision. Angle’s of 2-3” expected, real results angle’s 15” = accuracy

Hydrographic Surveys 1. Surveys and mapping of bodies of water and shorelines 2. Rivers and Lakes – Process different 2.Rivers 2.Normal process is to establish 2 parallel lines of control points on opposite sides 3.River Portion: 2 processes 2.EDM similar to radial 3.Dual instrument with position by angle and intersection 3.Lakes 2.Normal process same as river but generally do not have current problems

Topographic Surveys  Scale – Photo  S = (f/H’)  Coordinates From Photos  XA = (xa/f)(H-ha)  YA = (ya/f)(H-ha)  Height of an object  r = radial dist. to top  d = radial dist. to top – radial dist. to bottom h= d (H’) / r h= d (H’) / r

Mapping and Map Drafting  2 Basic Types of Maps used in Engineering 1.Line Drawing 2.Photogrametrically prepared manuscript or orthophoto map

Mapping and Map Drafting  Factors that influence choice of map scale 1.Clarity with which features can be shown 2.Cost (larger scale – higher cost) 3.Correlation of Map data with related maps 4.Desired size of map sheet 5.Physical factors (number and character), nature of terrain, required contour interval

Earthwork Computations by Average End Area Prepare Cross Sections Differentiate between existing & proposed Differentiate between existing & proposed Planimeter Cross Sections Amount of cut & fill for each cross section Amount of cut & fill for each cross section Beginning and end stations have 0 value Beginning and end stations have 0 value Compute Volume Conversion Constant: = (100/27)/ 2 = {(Sta. Dist.)/ [CF/CY]} / 2 Conversion Constant: = (100/27)/ 2 = {(Sta. Dist.)/ [CF/CY]} / 2

SAMPLE END AREA STATION SUM SUM CUT FILLCUT FILL D/100 CUT FILL CUT FILL CUT FILLCUT FILL D/100 CUT FILL CUT FILL CUT: 570 X = 1056 Cubic Yards EMBANKMENT: 5574 X = Cubic Yards Compaction Factor = 25%, CY X 1.25 = CY Fill Compaction Factor = 25%, CY X 1.25 = CY Fill

Municipal Surveys 1. Control Monuments and Associated Maps 1.Value: used by planners, engineers, architects, utilities, and surveyors 2. Planning Maps 3. Steps of Fieldwork 1.Establish Network of Major Control Mon. 2.Run traverse connecting major control points 3.Run levels and establish BM’s along traverse network

Order for project Monuments: Iron pin with bronze cap in 12’ dia PCC and extending min 18” below frost line (min 48”) Monuments: Iron pin with bronze cap in 12’ dia PCC and extending min 18” below frost line (min 48”) Traverse: 1 st order (1:200,000 – 1:500,000) Traverse: 1 st order (1:200,000 – 1:500,000) –Stations generally 1000’ – 1500’ apart Leveling: base on NGS datum Leveling: base on NGS datum –3-wire differential most often used –Avoid objects that are not permanent (fire hydrants, power poles, etc.)

Products: 1. Base Map – shows all control station, traverse stations, BM’s, Streets, ROW, and Public Property 2. Topo Map 3. City Property Survey (location of all existing monuments) 4. Underground Map (utility map)

Basic Route Survey and Design * Construction surveys * Construction surveys 1.Reference PI, PT, PC 2.Slope stake for rough grade 3.Stake drainage and structures 4.Layout roadway items 5.BlueTop for subgrade of final grade 6.Progress measurements and cross sections for pay quantities 7.As built surveys

Sewer Projects 1. Firm under contract 2. Preliminary studies 1.General layout map 2.Buildings located on general layout 3.Treatment site search 4.Preliminary paper layout 1.Make sure every building and potential building site can be served 2.Manhole system placed on general layout

Sewer Projects 5.Preliminary filed work 1.Preliminary profiles 1.BM system established 2.Manholes set 3.Profiles run 4.Basement elevations acquired 2.Design mapping 1.Final plans 3.Treatment area 4.Boundary survey 5.Complete topo of area

Sewer Projects 3. Design process 1.Sewer line design 1.Preliminary profiles drawn 1.Basement elevations plotted 2.Manholes placed on profiles 3.Slope between manholes computed 4.Problem areas – alternate service routes selected 1.Manholes set in field 2.Profiles run 3.Revert to 3A

Architectural Projects 2.Topo – grid method most common 1.Grid pattern 25’ – 100’ 2.BM – USGS 3.Entire tract topo and adjacent areas to access 4.Utilities – nearest tied in 5.Include all objects above, on or below, ground 6.Prepare topo map 7.Field check map

Structure and Terrain Movement Used to monitor: Used to monitor: 1.Movement of buildings ( x, y, and z) 2.Movement of bridges 3.Movement of dams 4.Landslides and earthquakes 5.Amusement park rides

Structure and Terrain Movement Equipment: Equipment: 1.GPS 2.Turned angles 3.Angle/Distance 4.Leveling

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