Chapter 103: Craniofacial Growth and Development Andrew Ravanelli and John Klingensmith

Table 1. Structures Derived From Pharyngeal Arch Tissues © 2008 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research From the Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism, 7 th Edition.

Table 2. Representative Congenital Malformations of the Head © 2008 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research From the Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism, 7 th Edition.

Figure 1 Figure 1 Head precursors and skull derivatives. (A) The human embryo depicting formed pharyngeal arches (A1–A6), regions of the brain, optic vesicle (OP), otic vesicle (OT), occipital somites (OS1–OS3), the first two cervical somites (CS1–CS2), pharyngeal endoderm tube (PE), heart, and a schematic generalization of neural crest migration. MX and MD represent the maxillary and mandibular divisions of arch 1. Bisecting line represents plane of section for B. (B) Cross-section of embryo showing the pharyngeal endoderm (PE) and arch core components. NT, neural tube; TB, tongue bud; AC, arch cartilage; AA, arch artery; MU, arch muscle; N, arch nerve; PH, pharynx. (C) Bones of the skull. Shadings represent membranous neurocranium (MNC), neural chondrocranium (ENC), membranous viscerocranium (MVC), and endochondral viscerocranium (EVC). ZY, zygoma; SPH, sphenoid; PT, petrous temporal; UO and LO, upper and lower occipital. © 2008 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research From the Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism, 7 th Edition.

Figure 2 Figure 2 Facial morphogenesis. This figure shows the progression of the facial primordial. NP, nasal pit; MD, mandible; MX, maxilla; ST, stomodeum; LNP and MNP, lateral and medial nasal processes; IMP, intermaxillary process. © 2008 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research From the Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism, 7 th Edition.

Figure 3 Figure 3 Palatogenesis. This figure shows the movement of the primary palate (PP) and secondary palatine shelves (PS). LNP and MNP, lateral and medial nasal processes. © 2008 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research From the Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism, 7 th Edition.

Figure 4 Figure 4 Examples of craniofacial birth defects. This figure shows schematic diagrams of some craniofacial defects, including examples of holoprosencephaly (HPE) midline defects (A–C), facial clefting (D), pharyngeal arch defect (E), and cranial synostosis (F). © 2008 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research From the Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism, 7 th Edition.