1 Macromolecules copyright cmassengale

There are four classes of biological macromolecules: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Before you can understand the topics in this unit there are some key vocabulary terms you need to know. MacromoleculePolymerMonomer

What do these words mean?

So What Is A Macromolecule? A very large molecules consisting of many smaller structural units (monomers) linked together to form polymers

Biological Macromolecule All biological macromolecules are made up of a small number of elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus

Next Word…..

Polygons Polygamy Polyester

What does “Mono” mean?

A Polymer Here are some analogies to better understand what polymers and monomers are…. EXAMPLE of POLYMER MONOMER A TRAIN? A NECKLACE? If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?

A Polymer Here are some analogies to better understand what polymers and monomers are…. EXAMPLE of POLYMER MONOMER A TRAINTHE CARS A NECKLACEEACH PEARL If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?

Now you and a buddy need to think of at least 2 other analogies for a polymer and its monomers.

15 Organic Compounds CompoundsCARBON organicCompounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromoleculesorganic moleculesMacromolecules are large organic molecules. copyright cmassengale

16 Carbon (C) Carbon4 electronsCarbon has 4 electrons in outer shell (valence electrons). Carboncovalent bonds 4Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements). C, H, O or NUsually bonds with C, H, O or N. Example:CH 4 (methane)Example:CH 4 (methane) copyright cmassengale

17 Macromolecules Large organic molecules.Large organic molecules. POLYMERSAlso called POLYMERS. MONOMERSMade up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. Examples:Examples: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) copyright cmassengale

18 Question: How Are Macromolecules Formed? copyright cmassengale

19 Process is called Polymerization aka Dehydration Synthesis polymers monomers“removing water”Forms polymers by combining monomers through “removing water”. HOH HH H2OH2O copyright cmassengale

20 Question: How are Macromolecules separated or digested? copyright cmassengale

21 Answer: Hydrolysis monomers“adding water”Separates monomers by “adding water” HO HH H H2OH2O copyright cmassengale

22 Carbohydrates copyright cmassengale

23 Carbohydrates Small sugar molecules large sugar moleculesSmall sugar molecules up to large sugar molecules. Examples:Examples: A.monosaccharide B.disaccharide C.polysaccharide copyright cmassengale

24 Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: one sugar unit (monomer) Comes in a 1:2:1 ratio Examples:glucose ( Examples:glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) deoxyribose ribose Fructose Galactose glucose copyright cmassengale

25 Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar units Examples: –Sucrose (glucose+fructose) –Lactose (glucose+galactose) –Maltose (glucose+glucose) glucoseglucose copyright cmassengale

26 Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples:starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn) glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose cellulose copyright cmassengale

27 Carbohydrates Structure: copyright cmassengale Glucose

Functions of Carbohydrates Immediate energy Structure for cell membranes in plants copyright cmassengale 28

29 Lipids copyright cmassengale

30Lipids not soluble in waterGeneral term for compounds which are not soluble in water. are soluble in hydrophobic solventsLipids are soluble in hydrophobic solvents. Remember:“stores the most energy”Remember: “stores the most energy” Examples:1. FatsExamples:1. Fats 2. Phospholipids 3. Oils 4. Waxes 5. Steroid hormones 6. Triglycerides

31 Lipids Six functions of lipids: 1.Great source of STORED ENERGY so we have it in the future. 2.They INSULATE the body to protect against heat loss 3.CUSHION the internal organs for protection. 4.They produce hormones for the body called STERIODS (chemical messengers) 5.They WATERPROOF surfaces of animals & plants— waxy coating on fruit, ear wax. 6.Major component of MEMBRANES (phospholipids)

32 Lipids Monomer: Triglycerides c1 glycerol3 fatty acids Monomer: Triglycerides composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. H H-C----O H glycerol O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = fatty acids O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = copyright cmassengale

33 Fatty Acids fatty acids There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels: 1.Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) 2.Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = saturated O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 - CH 3 = unsaturated copyright cmassengale

34 Proteins copyright cmassengale

35 Proteins (Polypeptides) peptide bonds polypeptidesMonomer: Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides). Six functions of proteins:Six functions of proteins: 1.Storage:albumin (egg white) 2.Transport: hemoglobin 3.Regulatory:hormones 4.Movement:muscles 5.Structural:membranes, hair, nails 6.Enzymes:cellular reactions copyright cmassengale

36 Proteins (Polypeptides) Four levels of protein structure: A.Primary Structure B.Secondary Structure C.Tertiary Structure D.Quaternary Structure copyright cmassengale

37 Primary Structure peptide bonds (straight chains) Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains) aa1aa2aa3aa4aa5aa6 Peptide Bonds Amino Acids (aa) copyright cmassengale

38 Secondary Structure primary structurecoilspleats hydrogen bonds3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary structure into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds. Two examples:Two examples: Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet Hydrogen Bonds copyright cmassengale

39 Tertiary Structure Secondary structuresbentfolded more complex 3-D arrangementSecondary structures bent and folded into a more complex 3-D arrangement of linked polypeptides Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S)Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S) “subunit”.Call a “subunit”. Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet copyright cmassengale

40 Quaternary Structure Composed of 2 or more “subunits” Globular in shape Form in Aqueous environments enzymes (hemoglobin)Example: enzymes (hemoglobin) subunits copyright cmassengale

41 Nucleic Acids copyright cmassengale

42 Nucleic acids Two types:Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA- double helix) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) Monomers: Nucleic acids nucleotides dehydration synthesisMonomers: Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis. copyright cmassengale

43 Nucleic acids Nucleotides include:Nucleotides include: phosphate group pentose sugar (5-carbon) nitrogenous bases: adenine (A) thymine (T) DNA only uracil (U) RNA only cytosine (C) guanine (G) copyright cmassengale

44 Nucleotide O O=P-O OPhosphate Group Group N Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) (A, G, C, or T) CH2 O C1C1 C4C4 C3C3 C2C2 5 Sugar Sugar(deoxyribose) copyright cmassengale

45 DNA - double helix P P P O O O P P P O O O G C TA copyright cmassengale

46copyright cmassengale