Limited Water Exchange Shrimp Culture Technology in Korea Jong S. Kim*, In K. Jang, Hyung C. Seo Yeong R. Cho and Bong R. Kim philllip@nfrdi.go.kr West Sea Mariculture Research Center, NFRDI 2nd YSLME RMC, Jeju, Korea. June 16-18 2009

CONTENTS Current Status Limited Water Exchange Culture Achievements and Challenges

Current Status of Shrimp Farming in Korea

Shrimp Farming in Korea Located along the Yellow Sea Coast Semi-intensive or Intensive Culture Low Productivity Due to Viral Disease One Crop a Year Food Safety Environmental Impact

Sustainable Farming Environmental Protection Disease Prevention Food Safety High Quality Demand Traceable Higher Productivity Animal Welfare

Future Trend in Aquaculture and Fisheries 202573% 2011 50% 2005 38% 1985 12.5% FAO data and Diana projection

Newer Technologies Aquaponics in Vertical Farm Off-shore Farming Inland Saline Culture Urban Aquaculture Desert Aquaculture Bio-floc based Culture etc. “CLOSED” & “RECYCLED”

Limited Water Exchange Shrimp Culture

General Characteristics of Limited Water Exchange Culture Closed recirculating culture system Suspended bio-floc based Super-intensive (density) Higher natural productivity WSMRC

Benefits of Bio-floc Culture System Limited or zero water exchange Higher bio-security Environmentally friendly system Reducing nutrient rich effluent dishcharge Protein reuse (Higher efficiency up to 45%) Cost-effective Full control of toxic nitrogen compound such as ammonia and nitrites

Bio-Floc ? Floc comprise 70-80% of organic matter including microbial communities. Good nutrition quality (protein reuse/minerals) Control water quality Heterotrophic condition? Heterotrophic bacteria Nitrifying bacteria (chemolithic autotrophs) Bio-floc formation and properties are still empirical and un-predictable.

Mineralization / Nitrification Mineralization by Heterotrophic Bacteria (Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Escherichia etc.) Nitrification by Chemolithic Autotrophs Nitrosomonas (NH4+ oxidizers) and Nitrobacter (NO2- oxidizers) Species of marine nitrifiers are different from those that prefer fresh water, and yet, are very closely related. Nitrifiers are very slow growing because of the manner in which they must obtain energy (need carbon source).

Nitrogen Syndrome Feed protein is inefficiently utilized by aquatic animals. Shrimp protein utilization efficiency : about 20% Fish protein utilization efficiency : about 25% 70~80% of the nitrogen in feed is converted into ammonia either by direct excretion or mineralization by heterotrophic bacteria 10-20% of the organic matter in rearing water degrade daily.

Carbon Source Bacteria feed carbohydrate and digest 50% of carbohydrate to energy and CO2 50% to new cell material (protein). The bacteria take up ammonium from the water to produce microbial protein. To immobilize 1 kg ammonium N we need to add 20 kg of hydrocarbon(mostly mollasses). The C/N ratio of feed and added hydrocarbon should be 20.

What’s new ? Bio-floc RAS Typical RAS (Bottom manifold-No bottom sludge)

Achievement & Challenges

Construction of new Facility Demonstration farm (model farm) for limited water exchange shrimp culture to aquarists Commercial scale greenhouse enclosed raceway tanks Each raceway equipped with as follows; Recirculation pump with Venturi system Bottom manifold (Spraying nozzles) Aeration system (Blower and oxygen generator) Protein skimmer as a foam fractionator Settlling tank (Denitrification tank) Heat pump for wintering Automatic monitoring & warning system

Exterior of the Building Located in Temperate Regions (with 2-layered Plastic Cover)

Internal Feature (Raceway)

Some equipments

Automatic monitoring

Heating System (Heat Pump)

Nursery Trials Four raceways (12-18 m2) Limited water exchange Stocking L. vannamei of Postlarvae (3,000-5,600/m3) June, 2007

Summary of Nursery Trials Yeild : Up to 4.22 kg/m3 Survival rate (%) : 54.5% FCR : 0.79  Tank Initial B.W. (g) Stocking density Days Final Yield Surv. rate(%) FCR (/m2) (/m3) (kg/m2) (kg/m3) Tank 1 0.09 1,846 3,000 42 1.73 1.53 2.49 48 1.02 Tank 2 3,462 5,625 1.45 1.89 3.31 40.6 0.79 Tank 3 0.08 2,333 3,818 2.03 2.58 4.22 54.4 1.03 Tank 4 3,333 5,455 1.97 2.51 4.10 38.2 1.29

Grow-out Trials in Lined Pond Pond Size 2 HDPE lined ponds (500m2) Aeration Pond 1 : Paddle wheel and air injector Pond 2 : PDP with air injector Stocking L. vannamei 150,000 (300/m2) of PL Mean B.W. 0.15g Stocking : July 9, 2007 Harvest : October 15 2007 Management Limited water exchange EP diet(CP 38%), FCR 1.2

Summary of Grow-out Trials in Lined Pond Yeild : Up to 2.72 kg/m2 Survival rate (%) : 72.6% Pond Stocking Period (days) Harvest Survival (%) B.W.(g) Total No. Density (/m2) Total (kg) Production (kg/m2) Pond 1 0.015 150,000 300 91 12.5 1,362 2.72 72.6 Pond 2 12.2 1,282 2.56 70.1

Commercial Farm in Korea

Commercial Farm in Korea Located in Goseong Limited water exchange system have been in use since 2004 Tank Size : 190, 160, 300m2 (6 raceways ) Productivity 6.7kg/m2/crop in 2007 6.9kg/m2/crop in 2008

Conclusion Limited water exchange shrimp culture system stocked with Pacific white shrimp can be done successfully in lined ponds and greenhouse- enclosed raceways in Korea This technology can be conducted in shrimp farms in Korea currently available as a tool to minimize losses due to viral disease outbreaks and to reduce environmental impact by shrimp farming. However, there is much still to be learned about the potential biological and economic benefits of producing shrimp in bio-floc based limited water exchange culture system in Korea.

Further Study Two crops a year in HDPE-lined pond Greenhouse enclosed Raceway Culture year round (2 or 3 crops a year) Increase productivity per unit area Reduce operation costs Study on the heterotrophic bacterial and nitrifying bacterial communities (including unculturable bacteria)

Thank for your attention !