Chapter 13

Fruits of Manifest Destiny

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Map 13.1 The Trans-Mississippi West, 1830s – 1840s

Fruits of Manifest Destiny The Texas Revolt The Mexican government, hoping to develop the area, accepted an offer by Moses Austin to colonize the area with Americans. By 1830, when Americans outnumbered the Tejanos, the Mexican and Indian peoples of the area, Mexico annulled existing land contracts and prohibited future American immigration to Texas. Slavery exacerbated tensions. Mexico had abolished slavery, but in Texas local authorities had allowed American settlers to bring slaves with them.

Fruits of Manifest Destiny The Election of 1844 Henry Clay ( Whig Party) (Rejected annexation) James K. Polk (Democrat) (For “reannexation” ( claimed that Texas became part of the United States under the Louisiana Purchase))

Fruits of Manifest Destiny The Road to War Polk had four goals: reduce the tariff, reestablish the Independent Treasury, settle the Oregon dispute, and bring California into the United States.

Fruits of Manifest Destiny The War and Its Critics Henry David Thoreau was jailed in Massachusetts for refusing to pay taxes, and he wrote an essay, “On Civil Disobedience,” defending his actions, which later inspired Ghandi and Martin Luther King, Jr. Combat in Mexico In February, 1848, the two governments agreed to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which confirmed the annexation of Texas and ceded California and present-day New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and Utah to the United States.

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Map 13.2 The Mexican War,

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Map 13.3 Gold – Rush California

A Dose of Arsenic The Wilmot Proviso In 1846, Pennsylvania Congressman David Wilmot introduced a bill prohibiting slavery from the territory acquired from Mexico. In 1848, opponents of slave expansion organized the Free Soil Party and nominated Martin Van Buren for president. Democrats that year nominated Lewis Cass, who suggested that settlers in new territories be allowed to vote on the slavery question (an idea later called “popular sovereignty”). Whig candidate and Mexican War hero Zachary Taylor won the presidential election.

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Map 13.4 Continental Expansion through 1853

A Dose of Arsenic Crisis and Compromise In 1850, California applied for statehood as a free state. Henry Clay offered a plan with four provisions that came to be known as the Compromise of 1850: California would enter as a free state; the slave trade, but not slavery, would be abolished in Washington, D.C.; a new law would allow southerners to reclaim fugitive slaves; and slavery’s status in the rest of the territories taken from Mexico would be decided by local white inhabitants.

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Map 13.5 The Compromise of 1850

A Dose of Arsenic The Fugitive Slave Issue It allowed special federal commissioners to determine the fate of alleged fugitives without jury trials or testimony from accused individuals. It prohibited local authorities from interfering with fugitive slaves’ capture and required individual citizens to assist in such capture when called on by federal agents.

A Dose of Arsenic Douglas and Popular Sovereignty Douglas proposing that slavery’s status would be settled by popular sovereignty—by local voters, not Congress. The Kansas- Nebraska Act Many northern Democrats voted against the bill. In the bill’s aftermath, the Whig Party, unable to forge a response, dissolved. The South become almost entirely Democratic. Most northern Whigs, joined by many disaffected northern Democrats, joined a new organization dedicated to ending slavery’s expansion—the Republican Party.

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Map 13.6 The Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

The Rise of the Republican Party The Free Labor Ideology The defining quality of the North, they argued, was the opportunity each laborer had to become a farmer or independent craftsman, thus gaining the economic independence essential to freedom. Slavery, by contrast, created a social order of degraded slaves, poor whites with no hope of social advance, and slaveholding aristocrats.

The Rise of the Republican Party Bleeding Kansas and the Election of 1856 Although pro-slavery Missourians cast fraudulent ballots in Kansas elections in 1854 and 1855, President Pierce recognized the legitimacy of the resulting pro-slavery legislature and replaced the territorial governor, a northerner. Settlers from free states soon established their own rival government, and civil war erupted. (Charles Sumner, Preston Brooks)

The Emergence of Lincoln The Dred Scott Decision During the 1830s, Dred Scott, a Missouri slave, had accompanied his owner to both Illinois, where slavery was prohibited by the Northwest Ordinance and state law, and Wisconsin, where it was barred by the Missouri Compromise. The Decision’s Aftermath They ruled that Illinois state law had no effect on Scott once he returned to Missouri, and that in regards to Wisconsin, Congress had no constitutional power to bar slavery from a territory.

The Emergence of Lincoln Lincoln and Slavery While Lincoln hated slavery, unlike the abolitionists, Lincoln was willing to compromise with the South to preserve the Union.

The Emergence of Lincoln The Lincoln- Douglas Campaign Lincoln argued that freedom meant opposing slavery, and that the founding fathers had set the nation on the road to eventual abolition of slavery. Douglas argued that freedom resided in local self- government and self-determination, and that each locality had the right to determine its institutions.

The Emergence of Lincoln John Brown at Harpers Ferry In October, 1859, Brown led an interracial group of nearly two dozen men in the attack at Harpers Ferry. The Rise of Southern Nationalism An independent South, they argued, could build a slave empire incorporating Cuba, other West Indian islands, Mexico, and parts of Central America. By early 1860, seven Deep South states were demanding that the Democratic Platform promise to protect slavery in all territories not yet made states.

The Emergence of Lincoln The Democratic Split Southern Democrats no longer trusted northern Democrats, and northern Democrats refused to accept a pro-slavery platform that would doom their party’s chances in the North. The Nomination of Lincoln The Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln for president. Lincoln’s commitment to preserving the Union appealed to moderate Republicans, and his moral opposition to slavery appealed to abolitionists.

The Emergence of Lincoln The Election of 1860 The election results were highly sectional. Lincoln won all the North except New Jersey, receiving 54 percent of the North’s total votes, 40 percent of the national vote, and 180 electoral college votes, a clear majority

The Impending Crisis The Secession Crisis Before Lincoln assumed office on March 4, 1861, seven seceding southern states formed the Confederate States of America (CSA), adopted a constitution, and chose as their president Jefferson Davis of Mississippi.

The Impending Crisis And the War Came Lincoln hoped to ensure that if war broke out, the South would initiate it. This happened when Confederate forces in South Carolina fired on Fort Sumner in Charleston harbor. Lincoln quickly proclaimed that an insurrection existed in the South and called for 75,000 troops to suppress it. Within weeks, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas seceded and joined the Confederacy.

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Abraham Lincoln’s nick name, “The Railsplitter,”

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company The original and final designs for Thomas Crawford’s Statue of Freedom

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company A rare photograph of wagons on their way to Oregon during the 1840s.

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company American Progress.

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company A watercolor of a scene on a ranch near Monterey

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company A flag carried at the Battle of San Jacinto

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company The plaza in San Antonio not long after the United States annexed Texas in 1845.

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company War News from Mexico

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company A map of the United States from 1848

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company A contemporary depiction of mining operations

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Transportation of Cargo by Westerners at the Port of Yokohama

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts in a daguerreotype from 1850

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company An 1855 broadside depicting the life of Anthony Burns

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company An 1853 broadside for one section of the Illinois Central Railroad.

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company The Lackawanna Valley

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company George Catlin’s 1827 painting Five Points depicts a working-class immigrant

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Political Chart of the United States

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company A contemporary print denounces

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Liberty, the Fair Maid of Kansas, in the Hands of the “Border Ruffians,”

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Dred Scott as painted in 1857

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Abraham Lincoln in 1858, the year of the Lincoln-Douglas debates.

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Stephen A. Douglas in a daguerreotype from around 1853.

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company John Brown in an 1847

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company An 1835 painting of the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company An 1860 engraving of a mass meeting in Savannah

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company A Richmond, Virginia

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Inauguration of Mr. Lincoln

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Bombardment of Fort Sumter

Give Me Liberty! AN AMERICAN HISTORY THIRD EDITION This concludes the Norton Lecture Slides Slide Set for Chapter 13 by Eric Foner W. W. Norton & Company Independent and Employee-Owned