A History of Western Society Tenth Edition CHAPTER 19 The Changing Life of the People, 1700–1800 Amended by A. PLAZA Copyright © 2011 by Bedford/St. Martin’s John P. McKay ● Bennett D. Hill John Buckler ● Claire Haru Crowston Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks ● Joe Perry

I. Marriage and the Family KQ: What changes occurred in marriage and the family in the course of the 18 th C.?  Family is the basic unit of social organization, but it evolves over time & varies according to place. A.Late Marriage and Nuclear Families 1.Nuclear Families = _; quite common in the 18 th C. 2.Delayed Marriage: most people married long after _ _ Percentage who never married = _ Marriage delayed because: a)Peasants waited to _ b)In towns people saved to _ c)Some couples needed permission of _ 3.Impact of Delayed Marriage = _ advantages & _ in couple

B. Work Away from Home 1.Apprenticeships: for _ beginning at age _; unable to _ Apprentices moved to _; lucky ones were admitted to _ 2.Work for Women: could find apprenticeships as _ Growth of consumer goods market created _ for skilled female labor. 3.Domestic Servants = most common job for girls. Frequently led to _ & _ by mistresses. Also fell prey to _ harassment & assault. Could be fired if _, which often led them to a life of _

Pietro Longhi, Young Serving Girl, 18 th C.

C. Premarital Sex and Community Controls 1.Birth Control = primitive & unreliable, ex. _ a)Primarily used by _ & _ b)Most common method was _ _ c)Prevalent in _ 2.Illegitimacy: despite late marriage & unreliable birth control, church records indicate it was _ 3.Community Controls: pattern of cooperation & common action in a traditional village that sought to uphold… a)Studies indicate that although _% of children were conceived out of wedlock, only _% were born illegitimate b)Who enforced community controls? _, _, _ c)Annual _ season provided degrading public rituals to humiliate: _, _,

D. New Patterns of Marriage and Illegitimacy, 1750ff. 1.Fewer Arranged Marriages – resulted from: _ & _ 2.Rise in Illegitimacy Increased between _-_% in Germany & France. Yet, social disapproval of _ & _ did not change. Reasons: 1.Increased _ _ among young people 2.Majority of women reported being “_ in anticipation of marriage.” 3.Problem = _ _ followed through on promises. 4.Explanation for failure to keep promises = _ _ 5.Courts were unsympathetic to accusations of _

E. Sex on the Margins of Society 1.Prostitution – most prostitutes were _ _ _ a)Risked _ if caught by police. b)Health threat = _ _ c)Upscale prostitutes = _ supported by wealthy clients. 2.Homosexuality: between men was condemned as _ a)Enforcement was uneven; harshest in _ b)Yet, nobles could indulge in these relations if they produced _; ex. Kings _ & _ of England. c)Late 17 th C.: homosexual subcultures developed in _, _ & _ d)Late 18 th C.: a lesbian subculture developed in _ 3.Diminishing Tolerance: Enlightenment _ attacked immorality at _ & preached virtue for middle-class _.

II. Children and Education KQ: What was life like for children, and how did attitudes toward childhood evolve? On average, a women married at 30 would have _ children _ mortality was high & many women died in _ New Enlightenment ideals stressed importance of _ _ Increase in _ _ throughout Europe, but formal education only played a modest role in ordinary children’s lives. A.Child Care and Nursing 1.High Mortality: many infants died from _ 2.Breast-Feeding: decreases the likelihood of pregnancy by delaying _ _ _ & increased survival of infants because _

3.Wet-Nursing = _, hired by _ & _ Led to infant mortality due to _, _, _ In France 55% died before age 10; only 30% in _ Why did French women send babies to wet nurses? 1.Cultural patterns: _ 2.Economic factors: _ prices & stagnant _ pushed women into workforce where nursing was impossible. 3.Scientific: Few alternatives to _ _ existed. 4.Criticism of Wet-Nursing a)Enlightenment figures erroneously thought population was declining & blamed _ b)Some railed agst. practices of _ & _, which they believed robbed their nations of potential children.

B. Foundlings and Infanticide 1.Abortions: were illegal, unsafe & rare 2.Infanticide: women gave birth secretly then _ _, but if discovered they could be punished by _ 3.Foundling Homes a)Were _ for children that could not be supported. b)Originated in _, _ & _, before spreading to France. c)1770s: 1/3 of French foundlings in Paris had belonged to _ _ & another third to _ _. d)_% normally died within a year.

C. Attitudes Toward Children 1.Emotional Distance of parents due to _ 2.Severe Discipline: John Wesley’s mom agreed with the axiom: “Spare the _ & _ the child.” 3.Enlightenment Attitudes, ca a)Called for _ toward children & imaginative _ _ b)Urged women to _ their babies. c)Emerged from Enlightenment celebration of _ & natural laws. d)J-J Rousseau’s influential text was _ (1762) Proposed a gender specific education: –Boys should _ & be taught _ & _ –Girls’ education should focus on _ _ _ –Women’s “nature” destined them for _ & _ Fate of his own children = _

D. The Spread of Elementary Schools 1.Religious Schools a)Wealthy sent their children to _ colleges in Catholic areas. b)Schools for 6-12 year-olds taught _, _ & _ for boys, but _ for girls. c)Protestants in Scotland, England & Prussia emphasized education based on the idea that every believer should be able to _ _ _ 2.State Education a)1717: Prussia made attendance in _ schools compulsory to ensure subjects could serve the _. b)1660s: new _ _ like France’s Brothers of the Christian Schools educated thousands of poor students. c)1774: Maria Theresa required students aged 6-12 to attend school _ hours a day _ days a week.

III. Popular Culture and Consumerism KQ: How did increasing literacy & new patterns of consumption affect people’s lives?  New centers of education increased literacy.  Fledgling consumer culture developed w/ boom in cheap reproductions of luxury items for upper & middle classes.  Consumer revolution created new expectations for comfort, _ & self-_ A.Popular Literature 1.Rise in Literacy bet & 1800 in _, _ & _ 2.Reading Materials people read the _, short pamphlets known as _, entertaining lit., such as _ & practical lit. _ 3.Enlightenment Literature: working people exposed to them via _ a)Thomas Paine authored _ _ in 1776.

By 1800 _ French males could read. _ Scottish males were literate. _ of English men. KQ: How did women compare? “Feminine” invented: _ Which regions are ahead on this map? Explain why. Why might rates be higher near Paris?

Young Woman Reading a Letter, 18 th C. KQ: What gendered fears emerged from the growth in women’s literacy?

B. Leisure and Recreation 1.Oral Cultures: prevalent where? Among whom? 2.Towns and Cities: a)Offered amusements, such as _, _ & _ b)Spectator sports developed: _ _, _ & _ c)Blood sports included: _ _ & _ _ 3.Carnival: occurred in _ countries prior to Lent in _ 1.Characterized by: 2.Opportunity for people to release _ 4.Criticism of popular culture 1.Sources = _ _: 2.Clergy opposed _, _, _ & _ 3.New critics preferred to embrace the worldview of the _

C. New Foods and Appetites 1.Traditional Peasant Diets: _ washed down by _, _ or _ a)“Just price” should protect both _ & _, while being set by the _ b)Perceived violations of this price resulted in _ _ c)Also included veggies, such as _ d)Milk was too precious to drink; it was used for _ e)Meat consumption actually declined bet & 1700 b/c _ f)Artisans & small traders had more variety in their diets 2.Diet of the Wealthy: abundance of victuals; meals could last _ hours. 3.Changes in Food Consumption: resulted from _ a)New source of vitamins & calories = b)New popular sweetener = _ & beverage = _

Chocolate Drinking, Spanish Tiles, 1710 KQ: How does this source provide evidence of the Columbian exchange, consumer culture & class status?

D. Toward a Consumer Society (Origins) 1.Consumer Revolution: growth in _ & new attitudes toward consumer goods that emerged in _ after a)People derived self-identity from what they _ b)Savvy merchants stimulated demand by _, _ & _. 2.Clothing: fashionable clothing was made desirable, while entry of women into _ & _ trades _ prices. Colonies contributed to growth of clothing market by lowering costs of _ & _ with slave labor. 3.Gender Distinction: How did consumption differ according to gender? 4.New Attitudes Toward Space a)Attribution of specific functions to different _ in a home. b)People sought _ in reserved spaces in the home. c)Cheap cutlery & dishes enabled people to have their own place settings & utensils at meals. d)Inexpensive _ decorated shelves.

François Boucher, The Fashion Merchant, 1746

IV. Religious Authority and Beliefs KQ: What were the patterns of popular religion, and how did they interact with the worldview of the educated public and their Enlightenment ideals?  Majority of ordinary men & women remained committed _ because: Religious Faith Promised _ Gave _ in face of sorrow & death Embedded in local _

Parish Church Kept _ records Distributed _ Cared for _ Provided primary _ A.Church Hierarchy 1.Parish Church

Parents _ children _ for the dead Couples _ Congregants shared _ People went to Parish Church to:

2.Increased State Control a)In Protestant areas _ & _ headed the official church. b)Catholic monarchs seized more control to reduce _ authority. c)Spanish monarchs seized control over _ _ to pursue heresy 3.Abolition of the Orders a)Jesuits gained political influence by: b)This earned them enemies in _ & _ c)1773: Pope reluctantly _ the order. d)Joseph II of Austria issued an Edict on _ _ to abolish contemplative orders, permitting only orders that were engaged in teaching, nursing, or practical work. e)Joseph also issued edicts of tolerance, which included _

B. Protestant Revival 1.Need for Renewal to bring all believers _ to _. 2.Pietism – began in _ in the late 17 th C. Appeal due to: a)Called for a warm _ religion. b)Reasserted doctrine of the _ of all believers. c)Believed in the power of _ to lead good moral lives. d)Appealed to English minister _ 3.Methodism named after methodical _ a)Reaction to corruption of _ Church. b)Also a reaction to _ : a belief in God, but not in organized religion. c)1738: Wesley experienced a _

Methodism cont’d d) : Wesley preached to _ & _ people. e) Rejected Calvinist doctrine of _ f) People flocked in large numbers to hear sermons in _ _ William Hogarth, London Methodist Meeting, ca. 1726

C. Catholic Piety 1.The Church and Community Life a)Difference from Protestant churches in the art of churches: presence of _ art. b)High rate of participation in _ _, like at Easter. c)Catholics _ their sins & participated in religious _ & festivals on saints’ feast days. 2.Jansenism: originated by Bishop of Ypres in Spanish _ a)Called for a return to _ Christianity. b)Departed from _ & accepted Calvinist doctrine of _ c)Papal & royal edicts _ Jansenism considering it a _ d)Yet, it attracted many Catholics in _, especially judicial _ & some parish priests. e)Stern religious values encouraged opposition toward the French _ after f)Among the poor, Jansenist prayer meetings resulted in ecstatic worship services with people speaking in _ g)Paris police reacted by:

Magdeleine Horthemels, Procession of Nuns at Port-Royal des Champs, [ Prints: ]

D. Marginal Beliefs and Practices 1.Popular Piety – combined Christian faith w/ time-honored _ EX: Use of relics, existence of healing _ & burial of beasts. 2.“Purifying” Popular Spirituality a)Inspired by _ & critical rationalism of the _ b)Carried out by _ & _ authorities. c)Peasants in the countryside continued to fear the _, but the elite refused to prosecute suspected _ d)1682: last witch executed in _; e)1682: France prohibited witchcraft _

V. Medical Practice KQ: How did the practice of medicine evolve in the 18 th C.?  Care for the sick did not make great progress until mid-19 th C.  Who cared for the sick? _, _ _, _, _ & _  Women restricted from medical activity due to: A.Faith Healing and General Practice 1.Faith Healers: emphasis on driving out _ _ 2.Lotions and Potions: _ provided herbs, drugs & medicines for upper-class customers. 3.Physicians: trained as _ to practicing physicians, then worked in _ or studied at university. Came from _ backgrounds & treated _ patients. Most common treatments were purging & _-_

18 th C. Italian Pharmacy

B. Hospitals and Surgery 1.Anatomy Surgeons gained experience in _ 2.Amputations Discovered that amputated wounds could be _ by fire. Problems related to _ conditions that led to infections following surgery. Patients suffered without _ No knowledge of bacteriology.

C. Midwifery – in cities, it was regulated by _ 1.Duties: More than attending childbirth… 2.Competition from surgeons following invention of _ 3.Mme du _ wrote a textbook, Manual on the Art of Childbirth (1757) 17 th C. Dutch painting How was childbirth a gendered experience? Did it change?

D. The Conquest of Smallpox 1.The Great Killer (18 th C.) = caused _ deaths : Inoculation begun by Englishwoman Lady Montagu, who learned it from _ Risks = _ & _ 3.Edward Jenner (1749–1823) a)Learned of alternative by observing _ _ b)Experimented with cow pox using _ science to carefully collect data. c)1796: performed his first _ d)1798: published his findings. e)Smallpox declined, then disappeared.

James Gillray, “The Wonderful Effects of the New Inoculation!” Published by the Anti-Vaccine Society of London.