Chapter Opener 12

Figure 12.1 Embryonic development of the human brain.

Figure 12.1a Embryonic development of the human brain.

Figure 12.1b Embryonic development of the human brain.

Figure 12.1c Embryonic development of the human brain.

Figure 12.1d Embryonic development of the human brain.

Figure 12.1e Embryonic development of the human brain.

Figure 12.2 Brain development.

Figure 12.2a Brain development.

Figure 12.2b Brain development.

Figure 12.2c Brain development.

Figure 12.3 Ventricles of the brain.

Figure 12.3a Ventricles of the brain.

Figure 12.3b Ventricles of the brain.

Figure 12.4 Lobes, sulci, and fissures of the cerebral hemispheres.

Figure 12.4a Lobes, sulci, and fissures of the cerebral hemispheres.

Figure 12.4b Lobes, sulci, and fissures of the cerebral hemispheres.

Figure 12.4c Lobes, sulci, and fissures of the cerebral hemispheres.

Figure 12.4d Lobes, sulci, and fissures of the cerebral hemispheres.

Figure 12.5 Functional neuroimaging (fMRI) of the cerebral cortex.

Figure 12.6 Functional and structural areas of the cerebral cortex.

Figure 12.6a Functional and structural areas of the cerebral cortex.

Figure 12.6b Functional and structural areas of the cerebral cortex.

Figure 12.7 Body maps in the primary motor cortex and somatosensory cortex of the cerebrum.

Figure 12.8 White fiber tracts of the cerebral hemispheres.

Figure 12.8a White fiber tracts of the cerebral hemispheres.

Figure 12.8a White fiber tracts of the cerebral hemispheres. (1 of 2)

Figure 12.8a White fiber tracts of the cerebral hemispheres. (2 of 2)

Figure 12.8b White fiber tracts of the cerebral hemispheres.

Figure 12.9 Basal nuclei.

Figure 12.9a Basal nuclei.

Figure 12.9b Basal nuclei.

Figure 12.9b Basal nuclei. (1 of 2)

Figure 12.9b Basal nuclei. (2 of 2)

Figure 12.10 Midsagittal section of the brain.

Figure 12.10a Midsagittal section of the brain.

Figure 12.10b Midsagittal section of the brain.

Figure 12.11 Selected structures of the diencephalon.

Figure 12.11a Selected structures of the diencephalon.

Figure 12.11b Selected structures of the diencephalon.

Figure 12.12 Inferior view of the brain, showing the three parts of the brain stem: midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

Figure 12.13a–b Three views of the brain stem (green) and the diencephalon (purple).

Figure 12.13a Three views of the brain stem (green) and the diencephalon (purple).

Figure 12.13b Three views of the brain stem (green) and the diencephalon (purple).

Figure 12.13c Three views of the brain stem (green) and the diencephalon (purple).

Figure 12.14 Cross sections through different regions of the brain stem.

Figure 12.14a Cross sections through different regions of the brain stem.

Figure 12.14b Cross sections through different regions of the brain stem.

Figure 12.14c Cross sections through different regions of the brain stem.

Figure 12.15 Cerebellum.

Figure 12.15a Cerebellum.

Figure 12.15b Cerebellum.

Figure 12.15c-d Cerebellum.

Figure 12.16 The limbic system.

Table 12.1 Functions of Major Brain Regions (1 of 4)

Table 12.1 Functions of Major Brain Regions (2 of 4)

Table 12.1 Functions of Major Brain Regions (3 of 4)

Table 12.1 Functions of Major Brain Regions (4 of 4)

Figure 12.17 The reticular formation.

Figure 12.18 Electroencephalography (EEG) and brain waves.

Figure 12.18a Electroencephalography (EEG) and brain waves.

Figure 12.18b Electroencephalography (EEG) and brain waves.

Figure 12.19 Types and stages of sleep.

Figure 12.19a Types and stages of sleep.

Figure 12.19b Types and stages of sleep.

Figure 12.20 Memory processing.

Figure 12.21 Proposed memory circuits.

Figure 12.21a Proposed memory circuits.

Figure 12.21b Proposed memory circuits.

Figure 12.22 Meninges: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

Figure 12.23 Dural septa and dural venous sinuses.

Figure 12.23a Dural septa and dural venous sinuses.

Figure 12.23b Dural septa and dural venous sinuses.

Figure 12.24 Formation, location, and circulation of CSF.

Figure 12.24a Formation, location, and circulation of CSF.

Figure 12.24b Formation, location, and circulation of CSF.

Figure 12.25 Hydrocephalus in a newborn.

Figure 12.26 Gross structure of the spinal cord, dorsal view.

Figure 12.26a Gross structure of the spinal cord, dorsal view.

Figure 12.26b Gross structure of the spinal cord, dorsal view.

Figure 12.26c Gross structure of the spinal cord, dorsal view.

Figure 12.26d Gross structure of the spinal cord, dorsal view.

Figure 12.27 Diagram of a lumbar tap.

Figure 12.28 Anatomy of the spinal cord.

Figure 12.28a Anatomy of the spinal cord.

Figure 12.28b Anatomy of the spinal cord.

Figure 12.29 Organization of the gray matter of the spinal cord.

Figure 12.30 Major ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts of the spinal cord, cross-sectional view.

Figure 12.31 Pathways of selected ascending spinal cord tracts.

Figure 12.31a Pathways of selected ascending spinal cord tracts.

Figure 12. 31a Pathways of selected ascending spinal cord tracts Figure 12.31a Pathways of selected ascending spinal cord tracts. (1 of 2)

Figure 12. 31a Pathways of selected ascending spinal cord tracts Figure 12.31a Pathways of selected ascending spinal cord tracts. (2 of 2)

Figure 12.31b Pathways of selected ascending spinal cord tracts.

Figure 12. 31b Pathways of selected ascending spinal cord tracts Figure 12.31b Pathways of selected ascending spinal cord tracts. (1 of 2)

Figure 12. 31b Pathways of selected ascending spinal cord tracts Figure 12.31b Pathways of selected ascending spinal cord tracts. (2 of 2)

Table 12.2 Major Ascending (Sensory) Pathways and Spinal Cord Tracts (1 of 3)

Table 12.2 Major Ascending (Sensory) Pathways and Spinal Cord Tracts (2 of 3)

Table 12.2 Major Ascending (Sensory) Pathways and Spinal Cord Tracts (3 of 3)

Figure 12.32 Three descending pathways by which the brain influences movement.

Figure 12.32a Three descending pathways by which the brain influences movement.

Figure 12.32a Three descending pathways by which the brain influences movement. (1 of 2)

Figure 12.32a Three descending pathways by which the brain influences movement. (2 of 2)

Figure 12.32b Three descending pathways by which the brain influences movement.

Figure 12.32b Three descending pathways by which the brain influences movement. (1 of 2)

Figure 12.32b Three descending pathways by which the brain influences movement. (2 of 2)

Table 12.3 Major Descending (Motor) Pathways and Spinal Cord Tracts (1 of 2)

Table 12.3 Major Descending (Motor) Pathways and Spinal Cord Tracts (2 of 2)

Figure 12.33 Development of the neural tube from embryonic ectoderm.

Figure 12. 33 Development of the neural tube from embryonic ectoderm Figure 12.33 Development of the neural tube from embryonic ectoderm. (1 of 3)

Figure 12. 33 Development of the neural tube from embryonic ectoderm Figure 12.33 Development of the neural tube from embryonic ectoderm. (2 of 3)

Figure 12. 33 Development of the neural tube from embryonic ectoderm Figure 12.33 Development of the neural tube from embryonic ectoderm. (3 of 3)

Figure 12.34 Structure of the embryonic spinal cord.

Figure 12.35 Newborn with a lumbar myelomeningocele.