Rebecca Youens Balfron High School Session 2005/6

A HEAVY industry uses large amounts of bulky raw materials (e.g. coal) to produce goods which are heavy. The four main heavy industries were coal mining, iron and steel making, shipbuilding and engineering. The features of the areas where these industries were located are outlined in the handout.

the market Internal (eg shipbuilding) and external (The Empire) Why did the coal and iron/steel industry grow in the nineteenth and early twentieth century? available and accessible raw materials available workforce

The British Empire

Coal has been mined in Britain since the Middle Ages, but before the 19th century mines were shallow and very small. This changed dramatically in the 19th century when Britain led the world in coal production. The coal industry Coal was needed in huge quantities to fuel the new steam engines which were powering machinery in factories, steam trains and ships, as well as heating people’s homes.

Machinery in early factories was powered by water wheels. Waterwheels were replaced by steam engines. These were far more powerful and could run more, heavier duty machines. Steam engines were used to operate lifts, to lower and raise men into the pit and lift the coal to the surface. Steam powered machines in the iron industry, such as the steam hammer, could shape huge pieces of iron for making machines, girders, ships or railway tracks.

Blast furnace

The best location for these heavy industries has changed over the last 200 years. For example in the iron and steel industry: Before 1800 the industry was located in FORESTS, besides RUNNING WATER and where IRON ORE and LIMESTONE were found. Why were these things important? After 1800 the industry was located near COALFIELDS and besides CANALS and RAILWAYS. Why did the location change to be near these things? After 1950 they sited on VERY LARGE AREAS of FLAT LAND located near COASTAL PORTS. Why did the location change yet again?

Now read through the information on pages of your text book and then answer the core questions 1- 9 on pg. 63. You MUST use full sentences as these answers will be part of your notes. SUMMARY In the 19 th Century iron and steel works were built near to raw materials and coalfields. This meant they were often inland. In the UK the raw materials began to run out or became too expensive to produce. Instead, raw materials were brought in from overseas. In the 20 th Century newer integrated iron and steel plants were built on the coast to reduce the cost of transporting raw materials. However, other countries started producing iron and steel as well and the UK became less competitive in the world market.

Now watch the video on why industry came to South Wales Copy down the following questions to answer while you watch the video.

On the handout of the old industrial landscape match up the descriptions with the correct numbers from the diagram. Homework: read thecase study of north-east England on pg and answer either the foundation, general or credit questions on pg. 63/64/68.

Many factories remained in location long after the reasons for building them there in the first place (e.g. near to raw materials) had gone. They remained because a lot of money had been spent on the factories, there was a skilled workforce nearby and because there were good transport links. It is easier to remain than to start all over again in a new location. This failure to move on is known as INDUSTRIAL INERTIA. What is INDUSTRIAL INERTIA and what makes factories stay in the same place? All of the iron and steel works have now closed in Scotland.

Iron and steel plants have closed Raw materials running out Countries like Japan can produce steel much cheaper Drop in world demand for steel Importing raw materials cuts profits Reasons for decline in UK steel production

Circle of Decline High unemployment People have more time and less money and fewer opportunities. Less taxes and business rates are paid to the local council. The local council invests less in housing, roads and education. Young people leave school with fewer qualifications. Petty crime often increases. Coal mines and iron and steel plants close. People have less money to spend on goods and services.

Effects of Factory Closure ….. We can divide the effects of factory closure into three categories: Economic Social Environmental Under the heading ‘effects of factory closure’ write a paragraph explaining what each of these mean, give three examples of each. (use 10H on pg. 84 to help you

Using all the information you have learnt about heavy industrial areas, make a list the features on the map which suggest that this area is part of an old/heavy industrial landscape Have the map here with hyper link to active board. Now answer the past paper question on mapping in your jotters

A LIGHT INDUSTRY uses small amounts of light raw materials to produce goods which are light (e.g. computers). The main light industries include electronics and a variety of assembly industries. They are not ‘tied’ to their raw materials or power supply and so are called ‘FOOTLOOSE’. Light industries have been growing in importance and are called SUNRISE INDUSTRIES. Stick in the handout which shows the features of the light industrial areas in the UK. Now read through pages in your text books and answer core questions 1-11 on pg 71

Light Industry Industrial Estates Business Parks Science Parks:- new high technology industries, research and development e.g. software, medicines. QUATERNARY INDUSTRIES. Will have close link to universities.

If industrial estates, business parks and science parks are on the edge of towns/cities on sites which have not been used for anything else before they are known as GREENFIELD sites. Areas which have been built on before and are then redeveloped within towns and cities are called BROWNFIELD SITES. Why do you think the government is now encouraging more brownfield development? Stick in the diagram which shows a modern industrial estate. Match the numbers with the description.

Modern Industrial Estates Map workwork

Summary so far……….. Homework: read the case study of the Thames Corridor on pg and then answer either the F, G or C questions on pg 72/77

What were the effects of industry closing in an area? Now read 10B on pg 78 - under the heading ‘Effects of new industry’ list at least 4 ADVANTAGES and 2 DISADVANTAGES of new industry setting up in an area In pairs:- person A read 10D and 10E and person B read 10F and 10G. Summarise the information to your partner and then together write a paragraph describing the short and long term impacts of coal mines and docks closing. You should include the following words: UNEMPLOYMENT DERELICT REGIONAL AID LANDSCAPING NEW HOUSES REDEVELOP NEW BUSINESS STANDARD OF LIVING

Read through the case study of north east England on pg and then answer the F, G or C questions.