Post-Civil War Industrialization in the United States: The 2 nd Industrial Revolution The Rise of Technology, Heavy Industry, & Industrial Empires

Natural Resources Vast supply of natural resources of the country were exploited for economic gain: coal, timber, iron ore, copper, lead, riverways, and…OIL! Vast supply of natural resources of the country were exploited for economic gain: coal, timber, iron ore, copper, lead, riverways, and…OIL! Titusville, PA: Edwin Drake drilled the world’s first oil well in Titusville, PA: Edwin Drake drilled the world’s first oil well in 1859.

A Huge Potential Workforce Huge numbers of European (and Asian) immigrants: Huge numbers of European (and Asian) immigrants: 1881: 750,000 immigrants 1905: 1,000,000 immigrants Farmers driven off the land in the 1890’s, due to droughts, falling farm prices, debt, and foreign competition Farmers driven off the land in the 1890’s, due to droughts, falling farm prices, debt, and foreign competition

Entrepreneurs Capitalism and free enterprise encouraged entrepreneurs - people who invest in a new product or enterprise. Capitalism and free enterprise encouraged entrepreneurs - people who invest in a new product or enterprise. Fueled by “rags to riches” stories by people like Horatio Alger. Fueled by “rags to riches” stories by people like Horatio Alger. Big names of Industry include: JD Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and JP Morgan Big names of Industry include: JD Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and JP Morgan

The Government Encouraged Entrepreneurism and Free Enterprise Through: Protective Tariffs: taxes on imported goods to increase the cost of foreign products Protective Tariffs: taxes on imported goods to increase the cost of foreign products Laissez Faire policies regarding big business practices: Businesses should be allowed to do what they want with limited government regulation to get in the way Laissez Faire policies regarding big business practices: Businesses should be allowed to do what they want with limited government regulation to get in the way US tradition of strong private property rights US tradition of strong private property rights Land grants, such as to private transcontinental railroad companies Land grants, such as to private transcontinental railroad companies

Innovation and Invention Drove the Economy Number of patents increased incredibly rapidly during this time (440,000+ from ) Number of patents increased incredibly rapidly during this time (440,000+ from ) Included some very famous inventions, such as… Included some very famous inventions, such as… This graph shows the annual number of successful U.S. patent applications ( ) Edison executed (that is, signed in preparation for filing at the U.S. Patent Office). In 1882, at the height of his work on electric light and power, he completed 106 successful applications…1,093 successful U.S. patent applications in total!

Harnessing Electricity Light bulb invented in 1880 by Thomas Edison and his research team (in his Menlo Park, NJ research lab.) Light bulb invented in 1880 by Thomas Edison and his research team (in his Menlo Park, NJ research lab.) George Westinghouse’s transformer made it possible to send electricity over long distances. George Westinghouse’s transformer made it possible to send electricity over long distances.

Bessemer Process Steel- lighter and stronger than iron. Steel- lighter and stronger than iron. Bessemer Process: A new, fast, cheap way to make high quality steel (by blasting air through molten iron). Bessemer Process: A new, fast, cheap way to make high quality steel (by blasting air through molten iron). Developed in the 1850s in the UK. By 1890, the US was out-producing UK Developed in the 1850s in the UK. By 1890, the US was out-producing UK Great Lakes region – had huge coal and iron reserves, thus became the center of steel production. Great Lakes region – had huge coal and iron reserves, thus became the center of steel production.

The Environment During this time the environment began to rapidly degrade across the nation… During this time the environment began to rapidly degrade across the nation… Writing Notebook ENTRY #21 Name and discuss at leas three ways in which the environment may have suffered from US industrialization and western expansion after the Civil War.

Mass Production Factory system using machines to carry out tasks once done by hand. Factory system using machines to carry out tasks once done by hand. Labor as the machine working machines – “scientific management” Labor as the machine working machines – “scientific management” Assembly lines; interchangeable parts; wages as cost of production are all part of the Factory system Assembly lines; interchangeable parts; wages as cost of production are all part of the Factory system

Excerpt from Film: Modern Times While you watch the Modern Times factory scene answer each of the following: While you watch the Modern Times factory scene answer each of the following: 1) Analyze labor as a cost of production, as well as the scientific management of labor, as portrayed in the film. 1) Analyze labor as a cost of production, as well as the scientific management of labor, as portrayed in the film. 2) Watch for examples of the struggles of working in a factory 2) Watch for examples of the struggles of working in a factory 3) How do you know this is a more modern portrayal of factory life than the late 1800s, and what inaccuracies do you note? 3) How do you know this is a more modern portrayal of factory life than the late 1800s, and what inaccuracies do you note?

Telegraph and Telephone 100,000 miles of telegraph lines across US by ,000 miles of telegraph lines across US by – Improvement of the transatlantic cable (Cyrus Field) linked continents – Improvement of the transatlantic cable (Cyrus Field) linked continents Wireless telegraph invented by Guglielmo Marconi (aka father of radio) Wireless telegraph invented by Guglielmo Marconi (aka father of radio) Telephone invented by Alexander Graham Bell Telephone invented by Alexander Graham Bell By 1900, 1,000,000+ telephones in the US. By 1900, 1,000,000+ telephones in the US.

The Gilded Age: Effects of Industrialization on the US Globalization: By the 1880’s, the US exported huge amounts of food and goods, especially grain, steel, and textiles. Globalization: By the 1880’s, the US exported huge amounts of food and goods, especially grain, steel, and textiles. This economic wealth began to equate to political power, both within the US, and by the US, internationally. This economic wealth began to equate to political power, both within the US, and by the US, internationally. During this time period the US started to become a major world power. During this time period the US started to become a major world power.

The Gilded Age: Changing Life for Americans Dramatic increase in the size of cities and in the amount of goods available, especially to city- dwellers. Dramatic increase in the size of cities and in the amount of goods available, especially to city- dwellers. By 1900, 2/3 of working Americans were (low) wage earners, working 10 hours a day, 6 days a week. (One out of 5 women worked as wage earners) By 1900, 2/3 of working Americans were (low) wage earners, working 10 hours a day, 6 days a week. (One out of 5 women worked as wage earners) Expansion of middle class (white collar workers) Expansion of middle class (white collar workers) Concentration of wealth into top 10% of US population, who own 90% of US wealth! Concentration of wealth into top 10% of US population, who own 90% of US wealth! An ever-widening divide between wealthy, the middle class, and the working poor. An ever-widening divide between wealthy, the middle class, and the working poor.